Studies on modifications on the internal cranial morphology in the evolution of anthropoid orbits

利用计算机断层扫描（CT）对现存和化石类人猿灵长类动物鼻窦解剖结构的变化进行了广泛的研究，并对系统发育分析具有潜在的效用。我们用这种方法对京都大学灵长类动物研究所和瑞士苏黎世大学现存的18个链球菌属的解剖结构进行了评估。上颌窦在所有属中都形成。前鼻形有一个通向鼻腔的额外的假口。在丙thecus中，下鼻窦在此鼻窦前向外侧扩张，如在Gorilla和Pithecia中所见，上颌鼻窦被分成三个不同的腔室，分别有通往中鼻窦的开口。在Eulemur，一个额外的窦样腔在这个窦后区域形成。尽管在体积上存在差异，但在所有属中均可发现开口通向筛区的蝶窦充气。在尤利穆儿、多本顿尼亚、印陀利、普罗西克斯和阿瓦希中发现了更多的额区气化。额窦与上颌窦相通。在许多其他属中，额叶-筛周围区形成一个从筛区扩张的小腔，这一特征可能与额窦相似。与其他科相比，印陀罗科的副鼻窦在形态上更为多变。目前的研究证实了旧大陆猴子没有副鼻窦在灵长类动物中是相当独特的观点。上颌窦向外侧扩张进入眶底与磨牙槽之间的空间，在结构上伴随下面部对眶颅区的下旋。这种变化导致了轨道的朝向。因此，上颌窦的横向扩张程度可用于化石标本的眼眶类人化研究。少

Variations in the paranasal sinus anatomy of extant and fossil anthropoid primates have been extensively examined using computed tomography (CT), and have potential utility for phylogenetic analyses. We used this approach to evaluate the anatomy in 18 genera of extant strepsirrhines housed in the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University and the University of Zurich, Switzerland. The maxillary sinus is formed in all the genera. The lorisiforms have an additional pseudo-ostium opening to the nasal cavity. In Propithecus, the inferior meatus expands laterally in the region anterior to this sinus, as seen in Gorilla and Pithecia, and the maxillary sinus is segmented into three distinct chambers which have openings to the middle meatus, respectively. In Eulemur, an additional sinus-like cavity is formed in the region posterior to this sinus. Sphenoidal pneumatization with an opening to the ethmoidal region is found in all the genera, despite of differences in volume. Distinct patterns o … More f pneumatization of the frontal region are found in Eulemur, Daubentonia, Indri, Propithecus, and Avahi. The frontal sinus in Avahi communicates with the maxillary sinus. In many of the other genera, a small cavity expanding from the ethmoidal region is formed in the circumfrontal-ethmoidal region, and this feature is probably homologous to the frontal sinus. The paranasal sinuses are more variable in form in the Indridae than in the other families. The present study confirms the view that the lack of paranasal sinuses in the Old World monkeys is quite unique among the order Primates. The maxillary sinus expanding laterally into the space between the orbital floor and molar alveolar is structurally accompanied with the inferior rotation of the lower facial part against the orbital-cranial region. Such a modification contributes to the frontation of the orbits. Thus, the degree in lateral expansion of the maxillary sinus could be available for examining the orbital anthropoidization in fossil specimens. Less