Structural protective effects of glycosaminoglycans on articular distraction in joint diseases in animals

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Intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) and subcutaneous pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) have been used for the management of pain and inflammation of osteoarthritis (OA) in humans and animals. As the results of this study, it was indicated that exogenous HA could stimulates both synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes to produce endogenous long chain HA which contribute stabilization of cellular environment of articular chondrocytes. It was also suggested that PPS could inhibit interleukin (IL)-1β-induced phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), then suppress nuclear translocation of NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-3 production in cultured chondrocytes. on interleukin (IL)-1β stimulated chondrocytes. These data would translate the clinical efficacy of these molecules for clinical chondroprotective effects of HA and PPS in animals with OA.