Study of day-to-day variability of equatorial Spread-F based on large-area observations over India, southeast Asia, and Pacific

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Equatorial Spread-F (ESF) is a one of the most intense ionospheric disturbance that causes severe scintillation to the satellite-ground communications, and degradation of the GPS locations. In this study we deployed large -area observation network of the ionosphere from Asia and Pacific regions by means of radars, nightglow imagers, and satellite-ground beacon receivers. We investigated yet-unknown day-to-day variability of ESF , and found that the ESF is generated from the enhanced Large -Scale Wave Structure (LSWS) of the ionosphere. We also found detailed behavior of ESF at post -midnight period that enhances under the low-solar conditions.