Study of tax incentives to integrate the low-carbon society with the recycling-oriented society

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In the EU, each member state bases its environmental taxes according to its policy or social background. However, this tax arrangement, because of its uncertain cost effectiveness and state-specific focus, risks distorting the principles of equity and ability to pay. In theory, the so-called double dividend of environmental tax reform (ETR) is effective in compensating such defects and creating social consensus for eco-taxes. However, application of the double-dividend theory might carry with it the risk of a limited solution. Instead, both a hybrid method that combines regulations and emissions trading would be more effective in attaining the goals of environmental policy.