Structure and dynamics of biological communities including multiple types of interactions such as mutualism and predation

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Effects of multiple types of interactions on dynamics and stabilityof ecological communities were revealed. Inclusion of predators and competitors into a system of plants and mutualists makes the communities more complex and stable. Competition at the basal trophic level makes the dynamical stability of food chains crucially dependent on the number of trophic levels. In a system of intraguild predation, the profitability of the basal resource and intermediate consumer can explain the puzzle why the intermediate consumer does not become extinct in a highly productive environment.