Molecular mechanisms for cadmium translocation in rice

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In rice, cadmium (Cd) taken up in the cytoplasm of root cells is sequestrated into the vacuole of the cells via OsHMA3, then loading to the xylem and translocation to shoots of Cd are limited. By contrast, in Cd over-accumulating rice, Cd remains at a higher concentration in the cytoplasm due to the lack of OsHMA3 function, and is available for loading to the xylem. This vacuole sequestrating by OsHMA3 is a key for over-accumulation of Cd in rice shoots. And we also demonstrated that the overexpression of OsHMA3 allows control distribution of Cd in plants.