Estimation of migration route of paddy weed, Echinochloa oryzicola to Japan based on its geographical cpDNA variation

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Some Japanese paddy weeds are assumed to be migrated to Japan associated with the propagation of rice cultivation. In order to verify this assumption, migration route of Echinochloa oryzicola to Japan were analyzed based on its geographical distribution pattern of spikelet forms and cpDNA variations. In this research, 692 accessions of E. oryzicola were newly collected. Geographical distribution patterns of the spikelet forms and the cpDNA variations display a geographical trend. For example, E. oryzicola with C spikelet form and haplotype 1 (cpDNA) is predominantly distributed in the southwest parts of Japan where the paddy-rice cultivation were firstly introduced and dispersed. These two variations are notable to analyze the migration route of E. oryzicola to Japan.