Studies on new infection route of pathogens to fish and shellfish via electrostatic interactions of positively charged heavy metal ions with negatively charged cells of the microorganisms

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In this study, we experimentally revealed the development of an infection route via food organisms that fish or shellfish is infected with marine birnavirus (MABV) by feeding ion coagulations of negatively charged virus particles and plankton cells by bivalent cationssuch as Cd2+，Zn2+or Pb2+. Therefore, environmental pollution due to heavy metals will play an important role in development of the MABV infection cycle and fish disease outbreaks in aquaculture environments.