Muscle reflex in heart failure : role for angiotensin II and oxidative stress

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The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that increased renin-angiotensin system activity in cardiovascular disease including heart failure induces oxidative stress in skeletal muscle, thereby exaggerating the muscle reflex. Rats were implanted with an osmotic-pump containing angiotensin II(AngII) for14days. In the AngII-treated rats, the muscle reflex responses(renal sympathetic nerve activity and pressor responses to hindlimb skeletal muscle contraction) were significantly larger than those in the sham-control rats. Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, reduced the muscle reflex responses in the AngII rats, but not in the sham rats. In skeletal muscle of the AngII rats, increased superoxide and upregulated gp91phox, a NADPH oxidase subunit, were observed. These results in total support our hypothesis.