Ecological impacts of trait-mediated interaction between predator and prey

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Ecological consequences of inducible offense and defense are explored using predator Hynobius retardatus salamander larvae and prey Rana pirica frog tadpoles. We experimentally demonstrated that the antagonistic inducible responses of the predator and prey impact on population dynamics of prey tadpoles and life history of both species. We also found that the modification of the population level effects affect abundance of invertebrate community and ecosystem function