Impacts of nanoparticles on living bodies studied at the single-particle, single-cell level

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We have investigated the impacts of nanoparticles on the different types of mammalian cells. It was found that the influential factors include not only the particle concentration and the incubation time, but the physicochemical properties of the particles, the incubation temperature, and the serum concentration in culture media, and that a balance among these factors determines the cellular responses. Especially, we have revealed the general mechanism how the size and surface properties of the particles affect the cell adhesion, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity.