Numerical simulation of spark plasma sintering process and fabrication of titanium-based biocompatible functionally graded materials

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Implant treatment has been widely applied to restore bones and teeth damaged by aging and injury, and it is important issues to develop implant materials with high biocompatibility and mechanical properties. In this research, to develop biocompatible functionally graded materials (FGM) consisting of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and pure titanium (Ti) by spark plasma sintering (SPS), (1) fabrication and evaluation of PSZ-Ti composites, (2) multi-physics simulation of sintering process and mechanical modeling of three-phase composites, and (3) fabrication and evaluation of FGM were carried out. It is found that the fracture toughness does not increase even with increasing Ti volume fraction due to formation of Ti oxide, and that SPS has a high potential to develop superior FGMs.