Stability and Effectiveness in Party Government: The Cases of Volatile Party Systems and Semi-Presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe

在捷克共和国、斯洛伐克和保加利亚，许多新政党在最近的选举中获得了议会席位。选民的社会属性很难解释选民对这些新兴政党的支持。自1990年代以来，“相对成熟”的政党一直在失去支持，被迫接受这些新政党作为政府联盟的伙伴。它使政策制定更加灵活。在半总统制的罗马尼亚，在总统的强大影响下，老牌政党改变了意识形态立场或合并。这些政体不能被归类为既有的民主政体的混合体或过渡体。相反，它们应被视为一种不断变化的新型民主。

In the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Bulgaria, numerous new parties has gained parliamentary seats in the recent elections. It is difficult to explain voter's support for these new parties by voter's social attribute. The "relatively established" parties from the 1990s has been losing support and are forced to accept these new parties as partners in governmental coalitions. It makes policy making more fluid. In Romania with its semi-presidential regime, established parties has changed their ideological stance or merged under the strong influence of the president. These polities cannot be classified as the hybrid or the transitory case of established democracies. Rather, they should been seen as a new type of democracy which is in flux constantly.