Extension and application of quasi-Direct Numerical Simulation to Bedload Sediment Transport

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(1) To provide benchmark data for numerical simulations of sediment ripple formation, we executed a small-scale rotating drum experiment and analyzed video recordings. The resulting data provided previously unavailable data for particle Reynolds number less than 2.5, i.e. in the "hydraulically smooth" regime. Also, the drum was more than 4 times smaller than in previous research, which will allow easier comparison with highly-resolved numerical simulations(2) We provided a theoretical estimate of the importance of fluid inertia in the gap between colliding particles, which has been neglected in earlier modelling and analysis of immersed particle rebound.(3) We developed integral relations that will be applicable to precisely compute the force on a solid particle near a free surface and other fixed or moving solid bodies.