Effect of difference in the environment on the reduction of risks caused by pharmaceuticals and antibiotic-resistance

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The fate of pharmaceuticals and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the water environments was investigated considering the risks related with indirect use of treated wastewater. Nitrification promoted the degradation of a group of pharmaceuticals. The nitrifiers obtained from the nitrient-rich environments were generally less sensitive to the antibiotics than those obtained from the pristine environments. Microcystis aeruginosa was extremely sensitive to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. The ratios of Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins were in the range of 3.1% - 4.5% in the case of the samples taken from the Tama river. The ratios of multiple-resistant E. coli to both fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins were increased along with flow direction in the river.