A study of city planning regulations by local governments in Japan and France

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This study discussed the significance and problems of city planning regulations by local governments in Japan and France and focused on the institutional and the operational sides. It argued that French system has an opposing force against the third party from both institutional and operational side, because the law states the relationship of two planning systems which consist of (i) participants in the process of drafting of planning and (ii) the system of control by the national government.