volutionarily Ecological Base of Decision-making: Ecological Genetic Mechanism of the memory of lose

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The relationship between lose-win of male combat and memory was examined in the broad horned beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus. Experience-dependent tactics of males trying to gain access to females were examined. Losing decreased a male's rate of fighting for four days, and few defeated males fought any males. The experience of losing not only decreased a male's aggressiveness but also switched the male behavior from fighting to dispersal from the fighting arena. The volume of ejaculation by loser males increased when they met a female and copulated with her. In Riptortus pedestris, male combat behavioral patterns changed during a day.