Mechanism of bacterial ATP secretion.

ATP调节免疫细胞功能。我们最近报道了从小鼠和人身上分离的鸡肠球菌分泌ATP。此后，我们发现并鉴定了几种ATP分泌细菌。在所测试的肠球菌中，蒙氏肠球菌在过夜培养后分泌最大量的ATP。葡萄糖对E.蒙提。对能量剥夺细胞的分析表明，糖酵解是细菌ATP分泌的最重要途径。此外，指数相位E. mundtii和粪肠球菌细胞比静止期细胞更有效地分泌ATP。其他细菌，包括铜绿假单胞菌，大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌，也分泌ATP的指数，但不稳定期。这些结果表明，各种肠道细菌，包括细菌和病原体，可能在任何生长阶段分泌ATP并调节免疫细胞功能。

ATP modulates immune cell functions. We recently reported that Enterococcus gallinarum, isolated from mice and humans, secretes ATP. We have since found and characterized several ATP-secreting bacteria. Of the tested enterococci, Enterococcus mundtii secreted the greatest amount of ATP after overnight culture. Glucose, not amino acids and vitamins, was essential for ATP secretion from E. mundtii. Analyses of energy-deprived cells demonstrated that glycolysis is the most important pathway for bacterial ATP secretion. Furthermore, exponential-phase E. mundtii and Enterococcus faecalis cells secrete ATP more efficiently than stationary-phase cells. Other bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, also secrete ATP in exponential but not stationary phase. These results suggest that various gut bacteria, including commensals and pathogens, might secrete ATP at any growth phase and modulate immune cell function.