Catecholamine accelerates osteoblastic differentiation by enhancing bone -The effects of exercise on bone formation-

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Topical effects of a catecholamine on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced ectopic bone formation were investigated. Epinephrine enhanced bone induction by BMP-2. The mass of ossicles ectopically induced by BMP-2 was increased by the systemic addition of epinephrine. The expression level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cells was consistently elevated by BMP-2 and was further elevated by the addition of epinephrine. The epinephrine-enhanced ALP elevation was specifically abolished by an antagonist to beta 2-adrenergic receptors and by a protein kinase A inhibitor. The luciferase activity of the Id1 gene was elevated by BMP-2 treatment and this activity was further enhanced by the addition of epinephrine. Epinephrine-enhanced luciferase activity was abolished by mutation of the cAMP-response element (CRE) sequence in the Id1 promoter, indicating that CRE-binding transcription proteins induced by epinephrine addition may act as enhancers of Smad-mediated BMP signaling.