Controlled release of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) enhances osteoconductive and biodegradable properties of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) in a rat calvarial defect model

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A total of 27 calvarial defects were randomly divided into nine treatment groups. One set of defects was filled with a beta-TCP disc containing normal saline alone (group-A, control) or 1 (group-B), 5 (group-C), or 20 ug of G-CSF saline solution (group-D). Another set of defects was filled with a beta-TCP disc with an overlaid gelatin hydrogel sheet incorporating normal saline alone (group-E), or 1 (group-F), 5 (group-G), or 20 ug of G-CSF solution (group-H). The last set of defects was left untreated (group-I). Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed at eight weeks postoperatively.In groups F and G, values of newly formed bone were significantly higher compared to group A. The percentage of remaining beta-TCP in group G was significantly lower compared to group A.