Redistribution and Social Inclusion: Political Thought in Meiji Period

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This research tried to show that the aim of "Houtoku Movement" ,of which Ninomiya Sontoku was a first prophet, was not only teaching moral doctrine but also reorganizing and revitalizing autonomous community for a cell of redistribution and social inclusion. This attempt was a kind of "third way" for Meiji government, between the "tax scheme" which consequently needs the strong central government for redistribution, and the "charity scheme" which presuppose active voluntary associations for social inclusion, both of which were rare in Meiji Japan.