Dynamics of bottom-water warming by using a full-depth four-dimensional variational ocean data assimilation system

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I here focus on the bottom-water warming revealed in abyssal ocean over the world. I use a supercomputer simulation to show that the bottom-water warming in the South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans can be traced back to the changes in subsurface temperature and velocity around the Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation region within the period of 50 years. This implies that the bottom-water warming possibly related to changes in the surface heat and freshwater fluxes occurred more than 50 years or changes in the surface momentum fluxes. This finding may be a key factor to reveal the mechanism of changes in the ocean heat budget, the changes in the abyssal water properties.Further, optimal observing system design for monitoring variations of the ocean heat content is another achievement.