Phylogenic analysis of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea based on morphological and molecular characters

编制了金龟子总科、卢坎科、雀科、角棘科、土角科、瘤甲科、奥氏科、剑水蚤科、金龟子科的检索表，根据32个形态特征，采用系统发育分析方法，对Aulacocyclinae亚科5属20种和Passalinae亚科5种进行了系统发育分析。结果表明，Aulacocyclinae的单系性具有较高的自举概率。角尾藻属和角尾藻属的单系性也得到了高概率的证实。Aulacocyclinae 5属间的系统发育关系为：（（Aulacocyclus + Taeniocerus）Cornelies）Cerelies）Acidrocaulus）。而基于线粒体COI基因序列的系统发育分析表明，这两个物种的亲缘关系为（（Taeniocerus + Cerebries）Aulacocyclus + Comebries））。此外，还测定了金龟子总科、雀形目、Lucanidae和金龟子科代表科的线粒体16 SrRNA（约480 bp）序列。序列差异（%）分别为26.9-40.2、22.2-31.2和28.5。

A key to the Scarabaeoidea families, Lucanidae, Passalidae, Ceratocanthidae, Bolboceratidae, Hybosolidae, Ochodaeidae, Aphodiidae, Scarabaeidae, was provided, and the diagnostic morphological characters were reviewed and illustrated for these families.Phylogenetic analysis was made for 20 species of the 5 genera of the subfamily Aulacocyclinae and 5 species of the subfamily Passalinae as an outgroup based on 32 morphological characters by using the PAUP.As a result, the monophyly of Aulacocyclinae was supported with a high bootstrap probability. The monophylies of Ceracupes and Cylindrocaulus were also confirmed with high probabilities. The phylogenetic relationship among the 5 genera of Aulacocyclinae was estimated as follows : ((Aulacocyclus + Taeniocerus) Cornacupes) Ceracupes) Cylindrocaulus). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence data of mitochondrial COI gene suggested the different relationship as ((Taeniocerus + Ceracupes) Cylindrocaulus)(Aulacocyclus + Comacupes)). Further analysis based on a much longer sequence is desired in order to have more reliable results.In addition, the sequence of mitochondrial 16S rRNA (about 480 bp) were determined for the representative families of Scarabaeoidea, Passalidae, Lucanidae and Scarabaidae. The sequence divergences (%) were 26.9-40.2, 22.2-31.2 and 28.5 between Lucanidae and Passalidae, Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae, and Passalidae and Scarabaeidae, respectively.