External doses for resident near Semipalatinsk nuclear test site

1949年至1989年，前苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟（苏联）在哈萨克斯坦塞米巴拉金斯克核试验场共进行了459次核爆炸，其中包括87次大气层爆炸、26次地面爆炸和364次地下爆炸。三硝基甲苯（TNT）爆炸释放的总能量约为18 Mt当量，是广岛原子弹的1100倍。然而，以前根据前苏联国防部提供的数据编写的关于辐射对SNTS附近居民影响的报告没有关于有效当量剂量的直接实验数据。他们只是在一些核爆炸后测量了一些特定定居点的剂量。这些数据并不表示居民在整个爆炸中所受的累积剂量。热释光剂量测定技术已成功地应用于广岛和长崎原子弹的剂量测定，使我们能够评估塞米巴拉金斯克试验场整个核爆炸造成的特定地点的累积外部伽马射线剂量。居民外照射剂量达-100cGy。

A total of 459 nuclear explosions were conducted by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1949 to 1989 at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS) Kazakhstan, including 87 atmospheric, 26 on the ground, and 364 underground explosions. Total energy release of about 18 Mt equivalent of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is eleven hundreds times of Hiroshima atomic bomb. However previous reports concerning the effects of radiation on residents near the SNTS based on data provided by the Defense Department of the former USSR do not have direct experimental data concerning effective equivalent dose. They just measured some doses for particular settlements after some nuclear explosions. These do not indicate integrated dose for the residents due to the whole explosions. The technique of thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) which had been successfully applied to the dosimetry on Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs, enabled us to evaluate accumulated external gamma ray doses at specific places due to whole nuclear explosions in the Semipalatinsk test site. The external doses which we measured were up to-100 cGy for resident.