A STUDY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA

由于垃圾填埋场和处理设施的短缺，城市生活垃圾水平的上升已成为一个重要的政策问题，特别是在大都市地区。没有被市场交易捕获的额外成本和收益被称为外部性。在一个完美的市场中，自然资源以有效的速度消耗。但当正外部性或负外部性存在时，市场将无法提供有效的结果。政府可以通过实施管制措施（命令和控制办法）、征税和给予补贴或颁发可销售的许可证来处理环境外部性。有两类商品：普通的私人消费品和集体消费品，它们都是共同享有的，因为每个人对这种商品的消费不会减少任何其他个人对这种商品的消费。对于一些公共产品来说，可能没有空间限制，但对另一些公共产品来说，它的好处仅限于社区，尽管对新居民来说不需要额外的成本。地方公共物品理论假设物品被提供到一个特定的地理位置，消费者根据所提供的公共物品的数量和类型来决定他们的位置。以下是中央政府可能进行干预的几个原因：再分配、外部性和纠正地方公共产品均衡中的低效率。在中央政府层面，政策的设计现在受到个人和下级政府反应的制约。因此，地方决策的实证理论是相当重要的。决策过程依赖于多数投票的假设。不同的选民对政府应该做什么有不同的看法。在某些情况下，多数投票的选择反映了中间选民的偏好。公共失败的根源包括设计和实施项目的信息不完善。因此，公开中央和下级政府所掌握的信息是非常重要的。少

The rising level of municipal solid waste has become an important policy problem, especially in metropolitan areas, because of the shortage of landfills and disposal facilities. The extra costs and benefits not captured by the market transaction are called externalities. In a perfect market, natural resources are used up at an efficient rate. But when positive or negative externalities exist, markets will not provide an efficient outcome.Government may deal with environmental externalities by imposing regulatory measures (the command and control approach), taxes and granting subsidies, or issuing marketable permits. There are two categories of goods : ordinary private consumption goods and collective consumption goods which all enjoy in common in the sense that each individual's consumption of such a good leads to no subtraction from any other individual's consumption of that good. For some public goods there may be no spatial restriction, but for others the benefits are confined to on … More e community, although available at no additional cost to new residents. The theory of local public goods assume that goods are provided to a particular geographical location, and consumers decide their location with respect to the quantity and types of public goods provided.These are several reasons why the central government may intervene : redistribution, externalities, and correcting inefficiencies in the local public goods equilibrium. At the central government level, the design of policy is now constrained by the reactions both of individuals and of lower-level governments. The positive theory of local decision-making is therefore considerably important. The decision making process is relying on the majority voting assumption. Different voters have different views about what the government should do. In some cases, the choice made in majority voting reflects the preferences of the median voter. Sources of public failure include imperfect information for designing and implementing programs. Therefore it is important to disclose the information, which the central and the lower-level government have. Less