Nuclear Energy Systems with Zero Release of Radioactive Materials

核能研究和开发的最终目标是建立未来核能与全球环境和人类社会的和谐之路。除了裂变技术外，对同时满足以下四个目标的核能系统的可行性进行了全面的研究：(1)能源生产，(2)燃料育种，(3)放射性物质的变形，(4)系统安全。系统的中子丰度是实现这些目标的关键因素。超额中子产生中的裂变反应潜力很小，不能高效地转化核废料。为了克服这些困难，引入了非裂变产生中子的反应，如散裂反应和聚变反应，以改善中子平衡。建立了评价不同外部中子源的过剩中子产生量和能量平衡的一般方法，并在此基础上对不同核能系统中的过剩中子、能量平衡和核废料的变形进行了对比分析。为评价裂变产物的转化，建立了核数据库。最后得出结论，加速器驱动堆和裂变-聚变混合堆多组分系统在实现核能系统放射性物质零释放方面具有明显的优势。

An ultimate goal of the nuclear energy research and development is to establish the way to harmonize the nuclear energy with global environment and human society in future. The comprehensive study has been performed based on the fusion and accelerator technologies in addition to the fission technology for the feasibility of the nuclear energy system that satisfies simultaneously at least the following four objectives ; (1) energy production, (2) fuel breeding, (3) Transmutation of radioactive materials, (4) system safety.Neutron abundance of the system is the key element to achieve these objectives. The potential of fission reaction in excess neutron generation is rather poor to transmute nuclear waste with high efficiency. To overcome these difficulties, non-fission neutron producing reactions such as spallation and fusion reactions are introduced to improve neutron balance. The general methodology was developed to evaluate the excess neutron generation and energy balance in the various external neutron sources.Comparative analyses on the excess neutron, energy balance and transmutation of the wastes in various nuclear energy system have been performed based on the proposed methodology. Nuclear database were prepared for the evaluating the transmutation of fission productions. Chemical/isotope separation methods and the safety characteristics of the system were also studied.Finally, it is concluded that multi-component system with Accelerator-driven reactor and Fission-fusion hybrid reactor demonstrates clear advantage in approaching Zero-Release of Radioactive Materials from the nuclear energy system.