Multi-parameter investigation of factors controlling carbonyl emissions from electronic cigarettes

标题：控制电子烟羰基排放因素的多参数研究 摘要 近年来，电子烟（e-cigarette）的普及率飙升，特别是在青少年和年轻人中 成年人了电子烟的使用在老年人中也在增长。这种趋势令人不安，因为电子烟 气雾剂含有不同水平的尼古丁和其他化学物质，已知会增加许多 对健康的不良影响。羰基化合物，如甲醛，一种已知的人类致癌物质，是最常见的。 在电子烟气溶胶中发现的危险和潜在危险成分（HPHC）中，这种成分尤为突出。 据报道，许多因素会影响电子烟产生羰基：电子烟类型，电源，线圈 材料、电子烟液体（e-liquid）组成和抽吸形貌（抽吸持续时间和抽吸流速）。 取样方法和测试协议的差异，以及参数数量有限 在个别研究中调查可能有助于目前关于羰基水平的争议， 电子烟气溶胶或个体因素在其产生中所发挥的作用。本研究旨在解决 关于电子烟羰基排放的突出问题，通过执行全面的多变量 在广泛使用的情况下，测试代表主要电子烟类型的最流行设备 模式.基于现有的文献数据和我们的初步数据，我们假设（1）准确 并且只有当颗粒和气相都 定量收集;（2）风味化合物对羰基生成有很强的影响， 取决于它们的化学类别、浓度以及与电子烟线圈的相互作用;（3）电子烟羰基 排放是需要同时研究的几个变量的复杂函数。三 具体目标是提出来测试这些假设。目标1将测试主要的羰基收集方法 使用NIST可追踪的甲醛标准品和含有不同量液体的电子烟气雾剂 微粒;将选择性能最佳的方法进行后续试验。目标2将调查 主要调味化合物类别与电子烟新鲜和老化线圈在不同温度下的相互作用 温度和电子烟液配方。目标3将研究如何不同的组合的权力，粉扑 形貌和电子液体粘度影响主要电子烟构造类型的羰基排放。的 该项目的主要创新是对各种影响进行实验有效的系统调查， 因素及其组合对电子烟排放的影响，这是目前文献中缺乏的。的潜在 影响将包括（1）关于电子烟中羰基化合物的最佳采样方法的建议 气溶胶和（2）识别电子烟和电子液体的特性和使用参数是主要的 电子烟羰基排放的控制因素。这些信息是非常必要的， 公众对不同设备和配置的潜在健康风险，建立标准化测试 议定书，并告知政策制定者如何监管某些电子烟设计和/或电子液体成分。

Title: Multi-parameter investigation of factors controlling carbonyl emissions from electronic cigarettes Abstract Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) popularity skyrocketed in recent years, especially among teens and young adults. E-cigarette use is also growing among the older population. This trend is troubling as e-cigarette aerosols contain varying levels of nicotine and other chemicals known to increase the risk of numerous adverse health effects. Carbonyl compounds, such as formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen, are the most prominent among hazardous and potentially hazardous constituents (HPHCs) found in e-cigarette aerosols. Numerous factors were reported to influence carbonyl production by e-cigarettes: e-cigarette type, power, coil material, e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) composition, and puff topography (puff duration and puff flow rate). Differences in sampling methodology and testing protocols, as well as a limited number of parameters investigated in individual studies could have contributed to the current controversy regarding carbonyl levels in e-cigarette aerosols or the role individual factors play in their production. This study aims to resolve the outstanding questions regarding e-cigarette carbonyl emissions by performing a comprehensive multi-variable testing of the most popular devices representative of the main e-cigarette types under a wide range of use patterns. Based on the available literature data and our preliminary data, we hypothesize that (1) accurate and reproducible carbonyl measurements can be achieved only if both particle and gas phases are quantitatively collected; (2) flavoring compounds have a strong influence on carbonyl production, which depends on their chemical class, concentration and interaction with e-cigarette coil; (3) e-cigarette carbonyl emissions are a complex function of several variables that need to be investigated simultaneously. Three Specific Aims are proposed to test these hypotheses. Aim 1 will test the main carbonyl collection methods using a NIST-traceable formaldehyde standard and e-cigarette aerosols containing different amounts of liquid particulates; the best performing method will be selected for the consequent tests. Aim 2 will investigate interactions of the main flavoring compound classes with e-cigarette fresh and aged coils at different temperatures and e-liquid formulations. Aim 3 will investigate how different combinations of power, puff topography, and e-liquid viscosity affect carbonyl emissions of the main e-cigarette construction types. The main innovation in the project is an experimentally-efficient systematic investigation of the effect of various factors and their combinations on e-cigarette emissions, which is lacking in the current literature. The potential impact will include (1) a recommendation on the best sampling methodology for carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols and (2) identification of e-cigarette and e-liquid characteristics and use parameters that are the main controlling factors for carbonyl emissions by e-cigarettes. Such information is critically needed to advise the public on potential health risks of different devices and configurations, establishing standardized testing protocols, and informing policymakers on regulating certain e-cigarette designs and/or e-liquid constituents.