Multi-parameter investigation of factors controlling carbonyl emissions from electronic cigarettes

标题：电子烟羰基排放控制因素的多参数调查 摘要 近年来，电子烟(电子烟)的受欢迎程度急剧上升，特别是在青少年中 成年人。老年人口中电子烟的使用也在增长。这一趋势令人担忧，因为电子烟 气雾剂含有不同程度的尼古丁和其他已知的化学物质，它们会增加患上 对健康的不利影响。已知的人类致癌物甲醛等羰基化合物是最多的 在电子烟气雾剂中发现的危险和潜在危险成分(HPHC)中尤为突出。 据报道，影响电子烟产生羰基的因素有很多：电子烟的类型、功率、线圈 材料、电子烟液(电子烟液)成分和喷雾地形(喷烟持续时间和喷雾流速)。 抽样方法和测试方案的差异，以及有限数量的参数 在个别研究中进行的调查可能导致了目前关于 电子烟的气雾剂或个别因素在其生产中所起的作用。这项研究旨在解决 关于电子烟碳基排放的突出问题，通过执行全面的多变量 测试在广泛使用下代表主要电子烟类型的最受欢迎的设备 模式。根据现有的文献数据和我们的初步数据，我们假设(1)是准确的 只有当颗粒和气相同时存在的情况下，才能实现可重复测量 (2)香料化合物对羰基的生成有很强的影响， 取决于它们的化学类别、浓度以及与电子烟线圈的相互作用；(3)电子烟的羰基 排放量是几个变量的复杂函数，需要同时进行调查。三 为了检验这些假说，本文提出了具体的目标。目标1将测试主要的羰基收集方法 使用NIST可追踪的甲醛标准和含有不同量液体的电子烟气雾剂 颗粒物；将选择性能最好的方法进行后续测试。AIM 2将调查 不同条件下主要香料类化合物与电子烟新鲜卷曲和陈化卷曲的相互作用 温度和电子液体配方。目标3将调查不同的功率组合、喷雾 地形和电子烟液体粘度影响主要电子烟结构类型的羰基排放。这个 该项目的主要创新是对不同种类的 影响电子烟排放的因素及其组合，这在目前的文献中是缺乏的。潜力 影响将包括(1)关于电子烟中羰基的最佳采样方法的建议 气雾剂和(2)识别电子烟和电子液体的特性和使用参数是主要的 电子烟碳基排放的控制因素。这些信息是非常需要的，以向 公众关注不同设备和配置的潜在健康风险，建立标准化测试 协议，并向政策制定者通报监管某些电子烟设计和/或电子液体成分。

Title: Multi-parameter investigation of factors controlling carbonyl emissions from electronic cigarettes Abstract Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) popularity skyrocketed in recent years, especially among teens and young adults. E-cigarette use is also growing among the older population. This trend is troubling as e-cigarette aerosols contain varying levels of nicotine and other chemicals known to increase the risk of numerous adverse health effects. Carbonyl compounds, such as formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen, are the most prominent among hazardous and potentially hazardous constituents (HPHCs) found in e-cigarette aerosols. Numerous factors were reported to influence carbonyl production by e-cigarettes: e-cigarette type, power, coil material, e-cigarette liquid (e-liquid) composition, and puff topography (puff duration and puff flow rate). Differences in sampling methodology and testing protocols, as well as a limited number of parameters investigated in individual studies could have contributed to the current controversy regarding carbonyl levels in e-cigarette aerosols or the role individual factors play in their production. This study aims to resolve the outstanding questions regarding e-cigarette carbonyl emissions by performing a comprehensive multi-variable testing of the most popular devices representative of the main e-cigarette types under a wide range of use patterns. Based on the available literature data and our preliminary data, we hypothesize that (1) accurate and reproducible carbonyl measurements can be achieved only if both particle and gas phases are quantitatively collected; (2) flavoring compounds have a strong influence on carbonyl production, which depends on their chemical class, concentration and interaction with e-cigarette coil; (3) e-cigarette carbonyl emissions are a complex function of several variables that need to be investigated simultaneously. Three Specific Aims are proposed to test these hypotheses. Aim 1 will test the main carbonyl collection methods using a NIST-traceable formaldehyde standard and e-cigarette aerosols containing different amounts of liquid particulates; the best performing method will be selected for the consequent tests. Aim 2 will investigate interactions of the main flavoring compound classes with e-cigarette fresh and aged coils at different temperatures and e-liquid formulations. Aim 3 will investigate how different combinations of power, puff topography, and e-liquid viscosity affect carbonyl emissions of the main e-cigarette construction types. The main innovation in the project is an experimentally-efficient systematic investigation of the effect of various factors and their combinations on e-cigarette emissions, which is lacking in the current literature. The potential impact will include (1) a recommendation on the best sampling methodology for carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols and (2) identification of e-cigarette and e-liquid characteristics and use parameters that are the main controlling factors for carbonyl emissions by e-cigarettes. Such information is critically needed to advise the public on potential health risks of different devices and configurations, establishing standardized testing protocols, and informing policymakers on regulating certain e-cigarette designs and/or e-liquid constituents.