Influenza virus receptors on human airway epithelial cells

流感病毒在全球范围内引起季节性感染和偶尔的大流行，死亡率很高。 已知人类病毒偏好α2-6连接的唾液酸（NeuAcα2- 6 Gal），而禽类病毒偏好α 2-6连接的唾液酸（NeuAcα2- 6 Gal）。 病毒表现出对α2-3连接的唾液酸（NeuAcα2-3Gal）的偏好。这种受体特异性的差异 被广泛认为是禽类病毒在人群中传播的主要物种屏障。 虽然这种受体特异性的二元模型是有用的，但它掩盖了唾液酸的真正复杂性 由于受体结合特性， 流感病毒在不断进化。使用具有数十个α2-3和α2-6连接的聚糖微阵列 聚糖已经表明，流感病毒通过将它们的特异性限制在那些聚糖内的特定聚糖而进化。 广泛的群体。然而，这些发现与流感生物学的相关性的解释是不确定的 由于关于实际存在于人气道上的聚糖类型的信息很少 上皮，以及相关气道上皮聚糖是否在聚糖微阵列上呈现。这 该项目旨在确定人类呼吸道上皮细胞上与人类流感病毒结合的聚糖结构 并扩展聚糖阵列文库以包括它们，2）确定人抗体的特异性和活性如何影响人抗体的表达。 流感病毒血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）在免疫选择压力下进化， 保持它们与人类气道受体相互作用的能力，以及3）使用收集到的关于 受体特异性，以开发可靠的方法，在实验室中分析和传播流感。 这一信息将确定人呼吸道上与人流感共有的受体决定簇 病毒，并阐明HA和NA的特性，有助于流感病毒的大流行风险 偶尔感染人类的禽流感病毒。

Influenza virus causes worldwide seasonal infections and occasional pandemics with high mortality rate. Human viruses are known to have a preference for α2-6 linked sialic acids (NeuAcα2-6Gal), while avian viruses exhibit a preference for α2-3 linked sialic acids (NeuAcα2-3Gal). This difference in receptor specificity is widely considered a major species barrier for transmission of avian viruses in the human population. Although this binary model of receptor specificity has been useful, it belies the true complexity of sialic acid containing glycans on host cells and has becoming increasingly limiting since the receptor binding properties of influenza viruses continue to evolve. The use of glycan microarrays with dozens of α2-3 and α2-6 linked glycans has shown that influenza viruses evolve by restricting their specificity to specific glycans within those broad groups. However, interpretation of these findings for their relevance to influenza biology is uncertain since there is little information about the types of glycans that are actually present on human airway epithelium, and whether relevant airway epithelium glycans are represented on glycan microarrays. This project aims to identify the glycan structures on human airway epithelial cells that bind human influenza virus and expand glycan array libraries to include them, 2) to determine how the specificity and activity of human influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) and neuraminidases (NAs) evolve under immune selective pressure to retain their ability to interact with human airway receptors and 3) to use the information gleaned about receptor specificity to develop reliable methods for analysis and propagation of influenza in the laboratory. This information will identify receptor determinants on the human airway that are shared by human influenza viruses, and shed light on properties of the HA and NA that contribute to pandemic risk of influenza viruses from avian viruses that occasionally infect humans.