Vehicle Emission Retrofit Activities (VERA)

VERA将开发、优化和展示创新的排气管改造解决方案，以解决使用汽油和天然气以及在城市内行驶高里程的道路车辆（出租车、送货货车、公共汽车）的颗粒物（低于23 nm）和氮氧化物排放问题，同时将特别考虑NH3排放。所有改造系统的集中开发方法将确保系统的适应性，允许根据每个应用的要求进行快速准确的优化，同时使用创新的修补基面涂层和紧凑的包装将成本降至最低。针对道路车辆的制动颗粒排放，将开发、部署和优化各种制动器改造解决方案，包括捕获产生的颗粒的主动过滤系统以及创新的制动盘和制动片，以减少制动器磨损。这两种解决方案的结合旨在最大限度地减少制动颗粒，同时采用替代生产技术以降低成本。来自地铁应用的制动颗粒也将通过主动过滤系统和适当加工的制动片来解决，包括两种类型的制动技术。VERA联合收割机的制动解决方案结合了独特的优势：它们都可以用于新车的首次安装，制动盘和制动片可以作为更换部件为任何车辆制造，而捕获系统可以从公路车辆应用到地铁。除了这些系统之外，还将结合现场测量和车站和隧道内颗粒扩散的建模来评估地铁站内工作人员和乘客的暴露情况。在对这些系统进行详细评估之后，将进行一项影响评估研究，重点说明拟议解决方案的成本效益。将对环境和健康影响进行分析，同时将在成本效益分析的设想方案中考虑可能的改装奖励和管制计划

VERA will develop, optimise and demonstrate innovative tailpipe retrofit solutions that address particle (sub-23nm) and NOx emissions of road vehicles running on gasoline and natural gas and driving high mileages within the city (taxi, delivery van, bus), while particular considerations will be made for NH3 emissions. System adaptability will be ensured by a central development methodology for all the retrofit systems, allowing fast and accurate optimisation according to the requirements of each application, while the cost will be minimised using innovative washcoats and compact packaging. A variety of brake retrofit solutions will be developed, deployed and optimised for brake particle emissions of road vehicles, comprising an active filtration system capturing the generated particles and innovative brake discs and pads to reduce brake wear. The combination of the two solutions will aim at the maximum reduction of brake particles, while alternative production techniques will be applied to reduce the cost. Brake particles from metro applications will be also addressed with an active filtration system and properly machined pads, covering two types of braking technologies. The brake solutions of VERA combine unique advantages: they can all be used for first installation on new vehicles, the discs and pads can be manufactured for any vehicle as replacement parts, while the capturing system can be applied from road vehicles to metros. Further to the systems, exposure of workers and passengers in a metro station will be assessed with combined field measurements and modelling of particle dispersion inside stations and tunnels. Following the detailed evaluation of the systems, an impact assessment study will highlight the benefits of the proposed solutions against their cost. Both environmental and health impacts will be analysed, while possible incentive and regulatory schemes for retrofitting will be considered in the scenarios of the cost-benefit analysis