CRCNS: Processing speed in the human connectome across the lifespan

人类大脑中的通路形成了一个支持大脑功能的大型网络。这种连接体的结构在一生中会发生变化，众所周知，白色物质通路从童年到老年都在发展。然而，人们对这些变化如何影响跨这些通路的功能性通信的了解较少，这些通路在毫秒的时间尺度上处理信息。研究人脑中功能连接性的这些时间特性的独特方式是通过颅内电极的单脉冲电刺激，其中脉冲沿着皮层网络传播，并且可以研究方向性和传输速度。然而，这些颅内电极被放置用于癫痫治疗的临床目的，导致患者之间的位置存在相当大的差异。为了对特定网络进行全面研究，我们需要找到一种方法，将多学科颅内神经生理数据整合到一个单一的坐标空间中，并将其联合收割机组合到一个专用的结构化数据库中。该合作项目将组织一个大型数据库，其中包含现有和新获得的单脉冲脑电刺激颅内脑电图（iEEG）数据。通过社区的努力，正在开发iEEG数据的标准结构：iEEG脑成像数据结构的扩展（iEEG-BIDS）。神经成像数据将与iEEG数据一起存储在BIDS结构中，以映射每个电极的解剖位置，从而可以轻松识别电极位于同一网络上的受试者。所有BIDS元数据都是人类和机器可读的，允许轻松提取具有覆盖相同网络的电极的受试者。将开发BIDS应用程序，以确定来自刺激诱发反应的网络的速度和方向性，使我们能够评估人类连接体中前馈和反馈处理的时间特性的年龄相关变化，包括参与许多认知功能和精神疾病的途径。该项目将增加独特的洞察力的速度和方向性的传输沿着人类连接体在整个生命周期，这是必要的，以建立网络模型的人类大脑功能和开发新的治疗性脑刺激技术，调节网络参与金属疾病。

The pathways in the human brain form a large network that supports brain function. The structure of this connectome changes across the life span, and it is well known that white matter pathways develop from childhood to old age. It is, however, less well understood how these changes influence the functional communication across these pathways, which processes information on the timescale of milliseconds. A unique way of studying these temporal properties of functional connectivity in the human brain is through single pulse, electrical stimulation of intracranial electrodes, where pulses spread along cortical networks and the directionality and transmission speed can be studied. However, these intracranial electrodes are placed for clinical purposes in epilepsy treatment, resulting in quite some variation in locations across patients. To enable comprehensive research on specific networks, we need to find a way of consolidating multi-subject intracranial neurophysiological data into a single coordinate space, and combine this in a dedicated and structured database. This collaborative project will organize a large database of existing and newly acquired intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) data with single pulse electrical brain stimulation. Through a community effort, a standard structure for iEEG data is being developed: the iEEG extension to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (iEEG-BIDS). Neuroimaging data will be stored in the BIDS structure alongside iEEG data to map the anatomical location of every electrode, such that subjects with electrodes on the same network can be easily identified. All BIDS metadata are both human and machine readable, allowing the easy extraction of subjects with electrodes covering the same network. BIDS apps will be developed to determine the speed and directionality across networks from the stimulation-evoked responses, allowing us to assess age related changes in the temporal properties of feedforward and feedback processing across the human connectome, including the pathways involved in many cognitive functions and psychiatric illnesses. This project will add unique insight into the speed and directionality of transmission along the human connectome across the life span, which is necessary to build network models of human brain function and develop novel therapeutic brain stimulation technologies that modulate the networks involved in metal illnesses.