"Examining Marketing and Parents’ Perceptions of Toddler Milk”

摘要 幼儿牛奶(一种以超加工牛奶为基础的饮料，面向幼儿销售)在美国越来越受欢迎 以及全球范围内。然而，医学和儿科协会并不推荐幼儿喝牛奶，因为它 通常含有添加的糖，早期摄入添加的糖与肥胖和2型有关 糖尿病。蹒跚学步的婴儿牛奶包装包含包装正面(FOP)声称营销所谓的“好处” 产品。此类营销声明不受食品和药物管理局(FDA)的监管，可能 在幼儿牛奶的健康问题上误导父母。在理解如何 幼儿牛奶包装上的营销因素影响着父母对该产品的看法和信念。 这一差距代表着一个严重的公共卫生问题，因为理解营销是如何对幼儿进行宣传的 牛奶包装影响父母是必要的，以告知标签政策，防止父母接触 没有科学依据的信息。这个项目调查了幼儿牛奶市场如何影响。 通过系统审查、包装内容分析和焦点小组，了解父母的看法和信念 父母。利用第一手和第二手数据，本研究的目的是：1)描述婴幼儿乳汁的决定因素 通过进行系统的回顾，了解购买和营销对父母的信念和行为的影响。 在这一目标下，系统审评和荟萃分析首选报告项目的准则 将使用(Prisma)声明，并将综合现有关于幼儿牛奶标签的文献；2) 描述美国最大的5个幼儿牛奶品牌的营养质量和FOP营销声明 通过对幼儿牛奶FOP标签进行含量分析，对22个拉丁美洲国家进行了调查。这一目标将 阐明和量化食品公司围绕幼儿牛奶的标签营销做法；以及3)探索如何 营销暴露，包括对FOP要求和警告的反应，影响父母的看法、信念、 和幼儿牛奶的使用。与幼儿父母一起的焦点小组将提供关于如何和 为什么目标2中确定的营销实践会影响父母的看法和信念。全员培训 目标是从理论上理解营销实践是如何影响消费者的 认知和信念，同时培养进行系统评审、内容分析和焦点小组的技能 数据分析。这项拟议的研究符合NICHD“改善儿童生活”的使命，而且是及时的 而且意义重大，因为它将促进对食品标签如何影响父母和 支持食品标签政策改变的证据。最终，这样的知识有可能告知FDA 因此，它可以规范幼儿牛奶包装，并保护父母不给孩子喂不健康的产品 在发展的关键阶段。

ABSTRACT Toddler milk (i.e., an ultra-processed milk-based drink marketed to toddlers) is increasing in popularity in the US and globally. However, toddler milk is not recommended by medical and pediatric associations, because it usually contains added sugar, and early consumption of added sugar is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Toddler milk packaging contains front-of-package (FOP) claims marketing the supposed “benefits” of the product. Such marketing claims are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and may mislead parents about the healthfulness of toddler milk. There is a significant gap in understanding how marketing elements on toddler milk packaging influence parents' perceptions of and beliefs about the product. This gap represents a critical public health problem because understanding how marketing claims on toddler milk packages affect parents is necessary to inform labeling policy and prevent parents from exposure to information that is not supported by science. This project examines how toddler milk marketing influences parental perceptions and beliefs via a systematic review, packaging content analysis, and focus groups with parents. Using primary and secondary data, this study aims to: 1) Describe the determinants of toddler milk purchasing and the influence of marketing on parents’ beliefs and behavior by conducting a systematic review. Under this aim, the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement will be used, and the existing literature around toddler milk labeling will be synthesized; 2) Describe the nutritional qualities and FOP marketing claims of the top 5 toddler milk brands in the United States and 22 Latin American countries by conducting a content analysis of toddler milk FOP labels. This aim will elucidate and quantify food companies' labeling marketing practices around toddler milk; and 3) Explore how marketing exposure, including reactions to FOP claims and warnings, influences parents' perceptions, beliefs, and use of toddler milk. Focus groups with parents of toddlers will provide in-depth knowledge about how and why the marketing practices identified in Aim 2 affect parents' perceptions and beliefs. The overall training objectives are to develop a theoretical understanding of how marketing practices influence consumers' perceptions and beliefs while developing skills to conduct systematic reviews, content analysis, and focus group data analysis. The proposed research fits with NICHD's mission of “enhancing the lives of children,” and is timely and significant because it will generate both an understanding of how food labeling influences parents and evidence to support food labeling policy change. Ultimately, such knowledge has the potential to inform the FDA so that it can regulate toddler milk packaging and protect parents from feeding their children an unhealthy product during a crucial phase of development.