The Role of Permit-to-Purchase in the Primary Prevention of Multiple Forms of Violence

摘要： 针对手枪的购买许可(PTP)法律是州一级的政策，它创建了一个强大的系统来限制 被禁止的个人获得枪支并阻止购买稻草(即，当未被禁止的人 为别人买枪)。PTP法律通过扩大背景调查来解决联邦法律中的弱点 对所有枪支销售的要求，并建立直接涉及购买者的申请程序 参与执法部门，并接受更严格的背景调查。PTP法律的先验评估 表明它们在通过购买稻草减少用于犯罪的枪支转移方面是有效的，以及 杀人和持枪自杀。到目前为止，对PTP法律的评估主要集中在人口 对州或县一级的影响。本研究旨在扩大我们对这一问题的认识。 通过具体审查PTP法律对青少年暴力和亲密伴侣暴力的影响，对PTP法律进行评估。 这项研究有四个具体目标。目标1将评估PTP法律对青少年杀人、自杀和 非致命的枪击事件。数据将包括国家卫生统计中心的死亡证明和 国家事故报告系统(NIBRS)。目标2将评估PTP法律对 青年实施暴力犯罪和武器犯罪。数据将包括联邦调查局的制服犯罪报告 逮捕文件和NIBRS。目标3将评估PTP法律对青少年使用的枪支类型的影响 通过评估与手枪相比是否有长枪的替代品来自杀。数据包括 国家暴力死亡报告系统(NVDRS)。目标4将评估PTP法律对亲密关系的影响 伴侣凶杀案和家庭凶杀案。数据将包括补充凶杀案报告(SHR)和NVDRS。数据 对于每个目标，将按枪支参与、种族/民族和年龄组(&lt；18和&gt；18)分层，其中 适用于评估不同子组的不同影响。我们建议使用比较级中断 时间序列(目标1-4)、综合控制建模(目标1-4)、增广控制建模(目标1-4)和交叉 部分分析(目标3和4)，以评估PTP法律对暴力后果的影响。我们的模特会 控制国家一级的人口统计、暴力和自杀的社会经济关联以及其他政策 先前发现与感兴趣的结果相关。同时利用多个数据源 致命和非致命的结果提高了我们实现每个目标的能力，并增强了我们实现 强有力的因果推论。 这项拟议的研究填补了我们在有效政策方面的重要空白，以防止多种形式的 暴力。这项提案是第一次专门研究PTP法律对与青少年暴力有关的影响 结果，只有第二个研究亲密伴侣的暴力行为。目前，只有9个州有PTP法律 涵盖了所有的手枪转账。这项研究的发现可能会让各州和联邦政府 政府努力有效地执行现有的枪支法律，以防止暴力。

Abstract: Permit-to-purchase (PTP) laws for handguns are state-level policies that creates a robust system to restrict access to guns by prohibited individuals and deter straw purchasing (i.e., when someone who is not prohibited buys a gun for someone else). PTP laws address weaknesses in federal laws by extending background check requirements to all gun sales and establishing an application process that involves the purchaser directly engaging law enforcement and undergoing a more rigorous background check. Prior evaluations of PTP laws suggest they are effective at reducing diversions of guns for use in crime through straw purchasing, and homicide and suicide by firearm. To date, evaluations of PTP laws have primarily focused on population impacts at either the state- or county-level. This study seeks to extend our understanding on the effectiveness of PTP laws by examining their effects specifically on youth violence and intimate partner violence. This study has four specific aims. Aim 1 will estimate the impact of PTP laws on youth homicide, suicide, and nonfatal shootings. Data will include death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics and National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Aim 2 will estimate the impact of PTP laws on the perpetration of violent crime and weapons offenses by youth. Data will include the FBI's Uniform Crime Report arrest files and NIBRS. Aim 3 will estimate the impact of PTP laws on the types of firearms used in youth suicide by assessing whether there is a substitution to long guns compared to handguns. Data includes the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). Aim 4 will estimate the impact of PTP laws on intimate partner homicide and familicide. Data will include Supplemental Homicide Reports (SHR) and NVDRS. Data for each aim will be stratified by firearm involvement, race/ethnicity, and age group (<18 and > 18) where appropriate to assess for differential impacts across subgroups. We propose using comparative interrupted time series (Aims 1-4), synthetic control modeling (SCM) (Aims 1-4), augmented SCM (Aims 1-4), and cross- sectional analyses (Aims 3 and 4) to assess the impact of PTP laws on violent outcomes. Our models will control for state-level demographics, socioeconomic correlates of violence and suicide, and other policies previously found to be associated with the outcomes of interest. Utilizing multiple sources of data with both fatal and nonfatal outcomes increases our ability to address each aim and strengthens our ability to make strong causal inferences. This proposed study fills important gaps in our knowledge on effective policies to prevent multiple forms of violence. This proposal is the first to specifically examine the impact of PTP laws on youth violence-related outcomes and only the second examining intimate partner violence. Currently, only 9 states have PTP laws that cover all handgun transfers. Findings from this study could inform how both states and the federal government work to effectively enforce existing gun laws to prevent violence.