A Longitudinal Study of Adversity, Stress Processes, and Latinx Health from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

摘要 自2017年初以来反移民政策的急剧上升，持续的新冠肺炎大流行，以及长期的 拉丁裔歧视和边缘化的经历引发了与压力相关的公共卫生问题 今天的拉丁裔青年，其中绝大多数是美国公民。长期和/或严重暴露在逆境中 可以增加家庭中的压力过程(例如，母亲抑郁加剧)，并通过年轻人的 行为健康(例如，不健康的饮食)和生物学(例如，每日皮质醇产量的较平坦的斜率)。这些 压力过程会增加拉美裔青年的心理健康和慢性病风险，并限制他们的社会流动性 向成人期过渡。我们建议对卡米诺斯进行重大扩展，这是一个NICHD- 为547名拉美裔人的不同样本收集了8个时间点的6个月滞后数据(2018-2021年)的资助研究 亚特兰大郊区的青少年(88%在美国出生)和母亲(80%在外国出生)。与其他新定居点一样 在这些地区，佐治亚州的拉丁裔青年和家庭面临的移民接待环境不如#年 已建立的移民区。拟议的研究将增加五个年度数据的时间点，延长目前的 进入成年期的措施和评估头发和唾液皮质醇指示慢性和急性 压力、腰围，以及慢性病风险和社会流动性的调查报告。13个时间点 的数据(2018年至2026年)将追踪最早从11岁开始的行为，发生在 在大流行之后，以及在美国移民政治环境不断变化的时期。我们将使用最新的- ART方法乘以带有High的Latinx队列的故意和无意丢失的数据 在正在进行的研究中保留。在家庭压力模型和文化发展理论的指导下，跨性别 滞后路径模型和潜在增长混合模型将检验家庭、生物和 行为健康应激过程调节逆境之间的联系(例如，对反压力的反应 移民行动、与流行病有关的事件、拉丁裔边缘化)和拉丁裔青年的心理健康风险 (内化和外化症状、物质使用)、慢性病风险(例如哮喘、糖尿病)和 社会流动性(例如，教育程度)。使用温和调解的测试，我们将确定社区-， 家庭和个人层面的保护因素，以减轻逆境和压力对青年结果的影响。 性别作为一个生物变量将被视为一个关键的修饰符。与其他国家和队列研究不同， 拟议的研究将确定积累的逆境是如何植根于反移民的经历和 随着时间的推移，大流行塑造了拉丁裔青年的健康结果和社会流动性。此外，拟议的研究 独一无二地位于新移民区，并研究了拉丁裔在 通过在母亲活动空间上使用地理编码的人口普查数据来确定居民区。提升平移 影响，研究结果将为拉美裔年轻人的计划提供参考，他们可能难以从大流行和 移民相关的逆境，因为他们正在为成年做准备。

Abstract The sharp rise in anti-immigrant policy since early 2017, ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and longstanding experiences of Latinx discrimination and marginalization raise serious stress-related public health concerns for today’s Latinx youth, the vast majority of whom are U.S. citizens. Chronic and/or severe exposure to adversity can elevate stress processes in the family (e.g., increased maternal depression) and manifest through youth’s behavioral health (e.g., unhealthy diet), and biology (e.g., flatter diurnal slopes of daily cortisol output). These stress processes can increase mental health and chronic disease risks and limit social mobility for Latinx youth making the consequential transition to adulthood. We propose major expansions to Caminos, an NICHD- funded study collecting 8 time points of data at 6-month lags (2018-2021) for a diverse sample of 547 Latinx adolescents (88% U.S. born) and mothers (80% foreign born) in suburban Atlanta. As in other new settlement areas, Georgia’s Latinx youth and families face a less welcoming immigrant context of reception than occurs in established immigrant areas. The proposed study will add five time points of annual data, extending current measures into the transition to adulthood and assessing hair and salivary cortisol indicating chronic and acute stress, waist circumference, and survey reports of chronic disease risk and social mobility. The 13 time points of data (2018 to 2026) will trace the onset of behaviors from as early as age 11 and occurring before, during, and after the pandemic and during a changing U.S. immigrant political environment. We will use state-of-the- art methods to multiply impute intentionally and unintentionally missing data for a Latinx cohort with high retention in the ongoing study. Guided by family stress models and cultural-developmental theory, cross- lagged path models and latent growth mixture models will test the hypothesis that family, biological, and behavioral health stress processes mediate associations between adversities (e.g., responses to anti- immigrant actions, pandemic-related events, Latinx marginalization) and Latinx youth’s mental health risks (internalizing and externalizing symptoms, substance use), chronic disease risks (e.g., asthma, diabetes), and social mobility (e.g., educational attainment). Using tests of moderated mediation, we will identify community-, family-, and individual-level protective factors that mitigate impacts of adversity and stress on youth outcomes. Sex as a biological variable will be examined as a key modifier. Unique from other national and cohort studies, the proposed research will identify how accumulated adversities rooted in anti-immigrant experiences and the pandemic shape Latinx youth’s health outcomes and social mobility over time. In addition, the proposed study is uniquely situated in a new immigrant area and examines Latinx marginalization within and outside of the residential neighborhood by using geocoded census data on mother activity spaces. Elevating translational impacts, findings will inform programs for Latinx youth who may struggle to recover from pandemic and immigration-related adversities as they prepare for adulthood.