Development, Validation and Delivery of 360-Degree Hazard Prediction Assessment and Training

每个想要获得驾驶执照的人都必须参加英国危险感知测试。学习者观看一系列驾驶视频，一旦看到危险就按下按钮。虽然有证据表明，这项测试的引入减少了英国的碰撞，但它也存在许多问题。主要问题是，你必须在特定（主观衍生的）时间窗口内按压才能得分。然而，许多人抱怨说，他们过早地发现了危险，在得分窗口打开之前就过早地按下了按钮，结果得零分。这个问题延续到危险培训中——有一些手机应用程序和在线提供商声称训练你的危险感知技能，但大多数情况下，他们只是训练司机何时按下按钮（即如何通过测试），而不是训练真正的危险意识。其他问题还包括摩托车手、重型货车司机和公共汽车司机都必须做同样的测试——视频片段显示的场景就像在开车一样。_但是开车和HGV和摩托车是完全不同的！以这种方式衡量职业驾驶员的危险技能是否公平有效？我们认为，这些问题使得危险感知培训和测试不适合英国商业车队市场。相反，我们开发了另一种测试和培训格式，我们称之为_hazard prediction。我们发表的证据表明，我们的危险预测测试在区分安全驾驶员和不太安全驾驶员方面优于传统的危险感知测试。从事这项工作的人也认为它更透明、更公平。我们目前已经为各种车辆和工作开发了200多个片段，最近我们已经扩展到创建360度危险测试，并在VR头显中呈现。我们希望扩大360度剪辑的范围，目标是车队市场（重型货车和货车司机），并创建一个软件套件，允许客户通过计算机和vr耳机访问一个交钥匙系统，进行危险预测评估和培训。额外的内容，加上专用的软件交付系统，将使我们能够提供各种各样的客户，包括车队经理，培训提供商和保险公司。所得收入将支持评估和培训材料的持续开发和扩展，目的是提供有效的、基于证据的工具，以改善英国的商业道路安全。

Everyone who wants to gain a driving license must sit the UK hazard perception test. Learners watch a series of driving videos and press a button as soon as they see a hazard. While the evidence suggests the introduction of this test has reduced UK collisions, there are many problems with it. The main issue is that you must press within a certain (subjectively-derived) time window to score points. Many complain however that they see the hazard so early that they press too soon -before the scoring window has opened- and score zero points. This problem carries-over into hazard training -- there are several mobile apps and online providers that purport to train you in hazard perception skills, but most often they are training drivers in when to press the button (i.e. how to beat the test) rather than training real hazard awareness. Other problems include the fact that motorcyclists, HGV drivers and bus drivers all must do this same test -- with clips displaying the view as if _driving a car._ But driving a car is very different to an HGV and a motorcycle! Is it fair or effective to measure the hazard skills of professional drivers in this way?We argue that these problems render hazard perception training and testing inappropriate for the UK commercial fleet market. Instead we have developed an alternative test and training format that we call _hazard prediction._ Our published evidence has demonstrated that our _hazard prediction_ tests outperform traditional _hazard perception_ tests in differentiating safe from less-safe drivers. It is also viewed as more transparent and fairer by people who undertake it. We currently have over 200 clips that we have developed for a variety of vehicles and jobs, and recently we have expanded into creating 360-degree hazard tests that are presented in VR headsets. We want to expand our range of 360 clips targeting the fleet market (HGV and van drivers) and create a software suite that will allow customers to access a turn-key system for hazard prediction assessment and training via computer and through VR-headsets.The additional content, plus dedicated software delivery system, will allow us to supply a variety of customers including fleet managers, training providers and insurance companies. The revenue received will support the continual development and expansion of assessment and training materials, with the aim of providing effective, evidence-based tools to improve commercial road safety in the UK.