STATE DEPENDENT ASPECTS OF COGNITION

我们的计划侧重于睡眠和睡眠之间的功能性相互作用。 醒来 在这里提出的工作中，我们提出两个一般性问题：1。 睡眠如何影响学习和联想记忆在随后的 醒着; 2.）清醒时的认知如何影响随后的 睡了吗？ 在我们计划的两个部分中，我们都严重依赖于一种新的便携式 睡眠监测系统“睡前饮料” 利用这个装置，我们可以 监测家中的睡眠-觉醒状态， 报告或进行认知测试后，计算机启动唤醒 快速眼动和非快速眼动睡眠。 在这里报道的研究中，我们发现， 从REM睡眠中醒来后，启动任务发生了变化， 强素数和弱素数的相对功效颠倒;在这些情况下， 条件“弱启动”实际上比“强启动”产生更多的启动 ”（t=2.51，p=0.01）。 我们现在提出新的研究来区分 从启动-靶效应看启动强度效应 关系。 我们还报告了新的结果，表明程序学习，测量 通过视觉辨别任务（VDT）的一夜之间的改善， 高度相关（r=0.79，p=0.002），并与 在夜间的最后四分之一，即6 - 8小时， 训练后，但完全不相关（r=0.02，p=0.96）与量 快速眼动睡眠在夜间的早期部分，长达6小时训练后。 这个“关键的快速眼动窗口”的时间对应于 在Karni和Sagi（1993）提出的6小时潜伏期之后， VDT的学习发生在清醒时。 我们将检验这个假设， 睡眠或清醒状态下VDT的长期改善取决于 胆碱能驱动的新皮层记忆痕迹的强化 训练后6 - 8小时为关键期。 初步研究进一步表明，视屏显示终端的培训 对睡眠的相互影响，导致睡眠时间增加25%。 在VDT训练后的夜间REM睡眠量。 我们提出 扩展这些研究来验证快速眼动增加 睡眠主要发生在快速眼动窗口期， 最近出现的不稳定的胆碱敏感记忆 最后，我们建议确定视觉的哪些方面 辨别任务实际上导致快速眼动增加。

Our program focuses on the functional interactions between sleep and waking. In the work proposed here, we ask two general questions: 1.) How does sleep affect learning and associative memory in subsequent waking; and 2.) How does cognition during waking affect subsequent sleep? In both parts of our program we rely heavily on a new portable sleep monitoring system, the Nightcap. Using this device, we are able to monitor sleep-wake states in the home and either collect mentation reports or carry out cognitive tests after computer-initiated awakenings from REM and NREM sleep. In studies reported here, we have found that performance on a semantic priming task is altered following awakenings from REM sleep, with the relative efficacy of strong and weak primes reversed; under these conditions "weak primes" actually produce more priming than "strong primes" (t=2.51, p=0.01). We now propose new studies to distinguish the effects of strength of prime from the effects of prime-target relationships. We also report new results showing that procedural learning, measured by the overnight improvement on a visual discrimination task (VDT), is highly correlated with (r=0.79, p=0.002) and directly proportional to the amount of REM sleep in the last quarter of the night, 6 - 8 hr post-training, but totally uncorrelated (r=0.02, p=0.96) with the amount of REM sleep in earlier portions of the night, up to 6 hr post-training. The timing of this "critical REM window" corresponds to the time following a 6 hr latent period proposed by Karni and Sagi (1993) when learning of the VDT occurs in waking. We will test the hypothesis that long-term improvement on the VDT in sleep or waking is dependent On the cholinergically driven reinforcement of neocortical memory traces during a critical period 6 - 8 hr post-training. Preliminary studies have further shown that training on the VDT has a reciprocal effect on sleep, leading to a 25 percent increase in the amount of REM sleep during the night following VDT training. We propose to extend these studies to test the hypothesis that the increased REM sleep occurs primarily during the critical REM window and is a response to the presence of recent, unstable, cholinergically sensitive memories. Finally, we propose to determine which aspects of the visual discrimination task actually lead to the REM increase.