INFANTS RESPONSES TO MATERNAL UNRESPONSIVENESS

婴儿对母亲无反应的反应

• 批准号: 2902318
• 负责人: Sybil L. Hart
• 金额: $ 7.3万
• 依托单位: TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-09-01 至 2001-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2902318
• 关键词: age difference; angers; behavior prediction; behavioral /social science research tag; child behavior; clinical research; developmental psychology; dyadic interaction; emotional dependency; emotions; fear; grief; human subject; infant human (0-1 year); interview; maternal behavior; mother child interaction; mother deprivation; parents; videotape /videodisc

Our previous interaction studies identified a phenomenon in which 12-month-old infants protest when their mothers direct positive attention toward a doll, treated like an infant. Infants' protests suggest perturbation, possibly due to their interpreting maternal behavior as representing emotional unavailability, and may be an early form of jealousy. Following up on these results, the two studies being proposed aim to: Document "jealousy" responses in younger infants; Ascertain whether jealousy responses differ from negative reactivity shown in perturbing situations, Identify whether jealousy inducement is predominantly associated with a discrete emotion expression; and Determine whether individual differences are predicted by infant or maternal characteristics. Study 1 will address the feasibility of jealousy in younger infants by implementing our jealousy inducement paradigm with infants in the age range of 6- to 9-months. Infants will be exposed to four conditions of maternal unresponsiveness. In two, their mothers, and a then a stranger, will attend to a picture book; and in two additional episodes their mothers, and then a stranger, will attend to a doll. Cross context comparisons of infants' negative facial expressions, vocal distress, and struggling will suggest jealousy if infants are found most disturbed by the condition in which their mothers attended to a doll. Study 2 will address more detailed features of infant jealousy by observing styles and intensities of infants' facial expressions in three perturbations, consisting of: maternal separation, mothers adopting a "still face" and a jealousy inducement situation in which mothers will be physically present and expressing positive affect toward a doll as if it was a real infant. Additionally, mother-infant, face-to-face interactions will be observed before and after the perturbations. Cross-context and cross-emotion comparisons will assess the predominance, stability and intensity of emotion expressions and whether individual differences are predicted by maternal and/or infant characteristics. We believe that jealousy will be suggested by increased disturbances when infants observe their mothers attending to a doll, and demonstrated in a fashion similar to that observed in the other situations of maternal unavailability. We expect that for most infants, the predominant response to jealousy inducement will be anger, but for others, sadness or fear will predominate. Individual differences and intra-individual stability in negative reactivity will suggest variations in affective processing and features of temperament, respectively, and may be precursors to later dimensions of jealousy in intra- and inter-personal functioning.

我们之前的互动研究发现了一种现象，即12个月大的婴儿会抗议母亲对娃娃的积极关注，就像对待婴儿一样。 婴儿的抗议意味着不安，可能是因为他们将母亲的行为解释为代表情感上的不可用，可能是嫉妒的早期形式。 根据这些结果，提出的两项研究旨在：记录年幼婴儿的“嫉妒”反应;确定嫉妒反应是否不同于在干扰情况下表现出的负面反应;确定嫉妒诱导是否主要与离散的情感表达相关;以及确定个体差异是否由婴儿或母亲特征预测。研究1将通过对6- 9个月大的婴儿实施我们的嫉妒诱导范式，来探讨嫉妒在年幼婴儿中的可行性。 婴儿将暴露于四种母亲无反应的情况。 在两集里，他们的母亲，然后是一个陌生人，会照顾一本图画书;在另外两集里，他们的母亲，然后是一个陌生人，会照顾一个娃娃。 如果婴儿被发现对母亲照顾娃娃的情况最感到不安，那么对婴儿的负面面部表情、声音困扰和挣扎进行跨背景比较将表明嫉妒。 研究2将通过观察三种扰动下婴儿面部表情的风格和强度来探讨婴儿嫉妒的更详细的特征，这三种扰动包括：母亲分离、母亲采用“静止的脸”和嫉妒诱导情境，在这种情境中，母亲将亲自在场并对娃娃表达积极的情感，就好像它是一个真实的婴儿。 此外，将在扰动前后观察母婴面对面的互动。跨情境和跨情绪比较将评估情绪表达的主导性、稳定性和强度，以及个体差异是否由母亲和/或婴儿特征预测。我们相信，当婴儿看到母亲照顾洋娃娃时，他们的不安会增加，这表明他们会嫉妒，并且表现出类似于在其他母亲不可用的情况下观察到的方式。 我们预计，对于大多数婴儿来说，对嫉妒诱导的主要反应将是愤怒，但对于其他人来说，悲伤或恐惧将占主导地位。负反应的个体差异和个体内稳定性将分别表明情感处理和气质特征的变化，并可能是后来的内部和人际功能的嫉妒维度的前兆。