EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMATE SPEECH ANALOGUES

关于经验在鸟类发声个体发育中的作用的研究已经被 对人类发展理论的影响非常大，但研究很少 在哺乳动物的声音发育中表现出了经验性的影响。 最近对鸟类和哺乳动物的研究表明，一种新的社会形式-- 在广泛的分类群中出现的基于发声的学习，包括 非人灵长类动物和人类。提出了三个模型系统，使用 侏儒绒猴和棉顶罗望子研究发声的个体发育 制作和发声使用。1.与食物相关的呼叫：这些呼叫是 当动物遇到喜欢的食物时就会产生。有几项研究是 建议研究这些呼叫的功能：它们是否吸引了其他 团体成员或阻止其他人接近食物？这是不是 受众的存在和性质(潜在竞争对手与婴儿和 哺乳女性)会影响呼叫产生吗？如何使用呼叫提供帮助 婴儿在断奶过渡期间接触到固体食物？做 婴儿的结构和用法在第一次出现时就像成年人 这些呼唤或者是有一种对社会的反应的发展过程 从其他成员那里得到的提示？在一个群体中占主导地位的动物 抑制呼唤的成人结构和用法？2.婴儿的喃喃自语： 喋喋不休在人类的声音中被认为是至关重要的 发展和喋喋不休在亚歌和塑料歌中有相似之处 小鸟。这两个物种的猴子在同一时间都表现出了声音的喋喋不休 与人类婴儿处于相对发育阶段。有几项研究是 建议考察发生的频率、行为背景 在这种情况下，喋喋不休的发音和发音的精细结构 喋喋不休作为发声练习的程度可能会导致更多 像成人一样的结构。我们将从以下几个方面研究喋喋不休的功能 比较不同比例婴儿在几种情况下的嘟嘟声 成年后的社会和生殖参数。3.社交 对发声结构的影响：猴子配对时会改变发声结构 有了新的伴侣，当社会群体发生其他变化时。我们会 检查配对后第一年发声变化的稳定性 而短暂分离的配对猴子是否会调整 声音结构，以匹配他们的伴侣的分离呼叫的变化。这个 这项研究的总体目标是开发非人类灵长类动物模型， 可以补充更多传统的鸟鸣模型，以获得更好的 对人类进化和发育影响的理解 声音交流。非人灵长类动物的发音更相似 对人类发声比鸟鸣更有帮助，从而可以在理论上有所帮助 人类语言障碍的发展和实际解决方案 发展。

The study of the role of experience in vocal ontogeny in birds has been extremely influential on theories of human development, but few studies have demonstrated experiential influences in mammalian vocal development. Recent studies in birds and mammals have suggested a new form of socially- based vocal learning that appears in wide range of taxa, including nonhuman primates and humans. Three model systems are proposed that use pygmy marmosets and cotton-top tamarins to study the ontogeny of vocal production and vocal usage. 1. Food-associated Calls: These calls are produced when animals encounter a preferred food. Several studies are proposed to examine the function of these calls: Do they attract other group members or prevent others from approaching the food? Does the presence and nature of an audience (potential rivals versus infants and nursing females) influence call production? How are calls used to assist infants during weaning transitions as they encounter solid foods? Do infants have an adult-like structure and usage at the first appearance of these calls or is there a developmental progression in response to social cues from other group members? Do dominant animals within a group suppress the adult-like structure and usage of calls? 2. Infant Babbling: Babbling has been hypothesized to be of critical importance in human vocal development and babbling has parallels in the subsong and plastic song of young birds. Both species of monkeys show vocal babbling at the same relative developmental stage as human infants. Several studies are proposed to examine the frequency of occurrence, the behavioral contexts in which babbling occurs, the fine structure of babbling vocalizations and the degree to which babbling might serve as vocal practice leading to more adult-like structure. The function of babbling will be studied by comparing animals with different rates of infant babbling on several social and reproductive parameters when they become adult. 3. Social Influences on Vocal Structure: Monkeys alter vocal structure when paired with a new mate and when other changes in social groups occur. We will examine the stability of vocal changes during the first year after pairing and whether paired monkeys, briefly separated from each other, adjust vocal structure to match changes in their partner's separation calls. The overall goal of this research is to develop non-human primate models that can supplement more traditional bird song models to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary and developmental influences in human vocal communication. Nonhuman primate vocalizations are much more similar to human vocalizations than bird song, and thus can aid in theory development and practical solutions to disorders in human language development.