EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMATE SPEECH ANALOGUES

关于经验在鸟类发声个体发育中的作用的研究， 对人类发展理论影响极大，但研究很少 在哺乳动物的发声发育中表现出经验的影响。 最近对鸟类和哺乳动物的研究表明了一种新的社会- 基于声乐学习，出现在广泛的类群，包括 灵长类动物和人类。 提出了三个模型系统， 侏儒狨猴和棉顶绢毛猴研究发声的个体发育 生产和声乐使用。1.食物相关呼叫：这些呼叫是 当动物遇到喜欢的食物时产生。 的几项研究 我建议检查这些电话的功能：他们吸引其他 或者阻止其他人接近食物？ 是否 观众的存在和性质（潜在的竞争对手与婴儿， 护理女性）影响呼叫产生？ 如何使用呼叫来提供帮助 婴儿在断奶过渡期遇到固体食物时， 做 婴儿有一个成人一样的结构和用法，在第一次出现时， 这些呼唤，或者是否有一个发展进程， 来自其他组成员的提示 一个群体中的优势动物 抑制了类似成年人的结构和叫声 2.婴儿牙牙学语： 咿呀学语一直被假设为是至关重要的人类声乐 发育和咿呀学语有相似之处，在亚歌和塑料歌的 幼鸟 这两种猴子在同一时间都能发出声音 人类婴儿的相对发育阶段。 的几项研究 建议检查发生的频率，行为背景， 在那里发生牙牙学语，牙牙学语发声的精细结构， 牙牙学语作为发声练习的程度， 成人样结构 咿呀学语的功能将通过以下方式进行研究： 在几个不同的实验中， 社会和生殖参数。 3.社会 对声音结构的影响：猴子在配对时会改变声音结构 当社会群体发生其他变化时。 我们将 检查配对后第一年期间声音变化的稳定性 以及配对的猴子在短暂分开后， 声音结构来配合伴侣分离时的叫声变化。 的 这项研究的总体目标是开发非人类灵长类动物模型， 可以补充更多传统的鸟鸣模型， 对人类进化和发展影响的理解 声音交流 非人类灵长类动物的发声 人类的声音比鸟类的歌声更能吸引人， 人类语言障碍的发展和实际解决方案 发展

The study of the role of experience in vocal ontogeny in birds has been extremely influential on theories of human development, but few studies have demonstrated experiential influences in mammalian vocal development. Recent studies in birds and mammals have suggested a new form of socially- based vocal learning that appears in wide range of taxa, including nonhuman primates and humans. Three model systems are proposed that use pygmy marmosets and cotton-top tamarins to study the ontogeny of vocal production and vocal usage. 1. Food-associated Calls: These calls are produced when animals encounter a preferred food. Several studies are proposed to examine the function of these calls: Do they attract other group members or prevent others from approaching the food? Does the presence and nature of an audience (potential rivals versus infants and nursing females) influence call production? How are calls used to assist infants during weaning transitions as they encounter solid foods? Do infants have an adult-like structure and usage at the first appearance of these calls or is there a developmental progression in response to social cues from other group members? Do dominant animals within a group suppress the adult-like structure and usage of calls? 2. Infant Babbling: Babbling has been hypothesized to be of critical importance in human vocal development and babbling has parallels in the subsong and plastic song of young birds. Both species of monkeys show vocal babbling at the same relative developmental stage as human infants. Several studies are proposed to examine the frequency of occurrence, the behavioral contexts in which babbling occurs, the fine structure of babbling vocalizations and the degree to which babbling might serve as vocal practice leading to more adult-like structure. The function of babbling will be studied by comparing animals with different rates of infant babbling on several social and reproductive parameters when they become adult. 3. Social Influences on Vocal Structure: Monkeys alter vocal structure when paired with a new mate and when other changes in social groups occur. We will examine the stability of vocal changes during the first year after pairing and whether paired monkeys, briefly separated from each other, adjust vocal structure to match changes in their partner's separation calls. The overall goal of this research is to develop non-human primate models that can supplement more traditional bird song models to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary and developmental influences in human vocal communication. Nonhuman primate vocalizations are much more similar to human vocalizations than bird song, and thus can aid in theory development and practical solutions to disorders in human language development.