Conjunction in discourse: a three-dimensional analysis of conjunction in different registers of English

小句之间的连接性传统上被认为是事件、现象等之间的“现实世界”关系（时间顺序、因果关系等）;主要是根据表示这些关系的连词（例如“when”，“if”）和连词（例如“therefor”）来探讨的。然而，现在公认的是，除了这些“外部”类型的合取关系，我们还发现了“内部”类型。虽然很少被注意到，但有两种不同的内部连接。可以在文本的世界中建立连接（例如，“first”、“in sum”）。说话人也可以根据其言语功能连接小句，或表明提出主张的认识基础。例如，在“if you're going out，it's raining”这句话中，if从句并不表达下雨的逻辑条件，而是给出说话者提及下雨的理由。除此之外，我们还需要考虑那些没有明确表示的关系，大多数研究者（除了少数值得注意的例外，如马丁）主要或专门关注这三种类型中的一种;甚至马丁也没有以原则性的方式区分语篇连接和言语行为/认知连接。我提出的三维模型将这些类型分开，并借鉴了韩礼德的三大元功能概念，建立了一个理论框架，在这个框架中，这些类型可以得到更好的解释。因此，“外部”连接可以被视为经验的性质，结合数字（命题）在一个复杂的序列;人际连接（言语行为/认知类型）连接在一个展开的互动步骤;和文本连接在一个展开的论点步骤。此外，韩礼德对投射的逻辑语义关系的区分（大致对应于传统的“报告演讲”）和扩展（所有其他类型的连词），假设这三个维度都适用于这两种连词。我的研究探讨了这一模式的含义，特别是侧重于建立更精确的语法标准，可用于区分类别，在确定的有效性的索赔，投射可以被视为在同一个三维的方式作为扩展，并检查是否进一步的子类别比那些已经确定应建立在人际连接。其目的是提供一个全面的，连贯的和理论上的动机帐户连接在English.I还跟进Halliday的洞察力，不同的寄存器的英语部署资源的连接以不同的方式，无论是在类型和连接的程度是明确的信号。据我所知，还没有大规模的研究从经验上证实了这一说法，并精确地调查了发生的各种变化。我的方法包括进行分析，部分手动和部分自动化，每个子句进入的关系，以及相关的信号，在一些子语料库中选择，理由是它们说明了最大的变化潜力。最初的假设（部分由试点研究支持）是，经验连接，而最常见的类型整体，是特别占主导地位的叙事，文本连接最常出现在临时书面寄存器，和人际连接往往是最严重的非正式演讲和说服寄存器。这个项目的这一部分不仅可以让我建立选择的语域概况，而且可以测试和完善这个模型。整个研究的目的是促进语言学的根本性转变，摆脱把经验语法和意义作为核心，把人际意义作为外围“附加”的传统，并对人际关系给予应有的重视，将其视为语言作为符号系统的核心。

Connectivity between clauses was traditionally seen in terms of 'real-world' relations between events, phenomena, etc. (time sequence, cause-effect, etc.); and it was explored mainly on the basis of the conjunctions (e.g. 'when', 'if') and conjuncts (e.g. 'therefore') that signal those relations. However, it is now accepted that, as well as these 'external' types of conjunctive relations, we also find 'internal' types. Although it is seldom noted, there are two different kinds of internal conjunction. Connections may be set up within the world of the text (e.g. 'first', 'in sum'). Speakers may also connect clauses in terms of their speech functions or indicate the epistemic basis on which claims are made. For example, in the utterance 'if you're going out, it's raining', the 'if' clause does not express a logical condition under which it rains; rather, it gives the speaker's reason for mentioning the rain. In addition, we need to account for relations which are not explicitly signalled.Most researchers (with a few notable exceptions such as Martin) have concentrated mainly or exclusively on one of the three types; and even Martin does not distinguish in a principled way between textual and speech-act/epistemic connectivity. The 3-dimensional model that I have proposed separates these types and draws on Halliday's notion of the three metafunctions to set up a theoretical framework in which the types can be better explained. Thus 'external' conjunction can be seen as experiential in nature, combining figures (propositions) in a complex sequence; interpersonal conjunction (the speech-act/epistemic type) connects moves in an unfolding interaction; and textual conjunction connects steps in an unfolding argument. In addition, Halliday's distinction between the logico-semantic relations of projection (broadly corresponding to traditional 'reported speech') and expansion (all other kinds of conjunction) is introduced, with the hypothesis that the three dimensions apply to both.My research explores the implications of this model, focusing especially on establishing more precisely the grammatical criteria which can be used to differentiate the categories, on determining the validity of the claim that projection can be viewed in the same three-dimensional way as expansion, and on checking whether further sub-categories than those already identified should be set up within interpersonal conjunction. The aim is to provide a comprehensive, coherent and theoretically motivated account of conjunction in English.I also follow up on Halliday's insight that different registers of English deploy the resources of conjunction in different ways, both in type and in the extent to which connections are explicitly signalled. I know of no large-scale study which has set out to verify this claim empirically and to investigate precisely the kinds of variation that occur. My approach involves carrying out an analysis, in part manual and in part automated, of the relations into which every clause enters, and of the associated signals, in a number of sub-corpora selected on the grounds that they illustrate maximal potential for variation. The initial hypothesis (partly supported by a pilot study) is that experiential conjunction, while the most frequent type overall, is particularly dominant in narrative, textual conjunction occurs most often in expository written registers, and interpersonal conjunction tends to be drawn on most heavily in informal speech and persuasive registers. This part of the project is designed to allow me not only to set up register profiles of choices in conjunction, but also to test and refine the model.The study as a whole aims to contribute to the fundamental move in linguistics away from the tradition of treating experiential grammar and meanings as core, with interpersonal meanings as peripheral 'add-on', and towards giving due emphasis to interpersonal concerns as equally central to language as a semiotic system.