Restricted Access Pilot Project: Interdisciplinary perspectives on clean energy production and landscape conservation in North Patagonia

这个试点项目探讨了指定某些形式的保护景观（例如国家公园和其他形式的保护区）如何促进在其边界以外进行特定形式的破坏环境的“非保护”活动。这引发了对保护历史的彻底反思。我们认为，在研究保育景观时，必须考虑到更广泛的景观管理效应，即某些指定地区的“拯救”和其他地区的“牺牲”。如果不透过宪报刊登的建筑物或保留地区，考虑到这些保育活动所容许的负面行动，我们就无法理解受保护建筑物或景观的宪报。保护景观本身往往与国家限制或控制进入的尝试有关——与核能发电或核废料处理有关的景观、国家公园和其他保护区也是排斥景观（Galison 2015）。该项目将通过关注与阿根廷巴里洛切附近纳韦尔华皮国家公园内的Humuel岛核聚变探索失败相关的考古和遗产景观，以及该项目促进随后在同一城镇和公园建立工作核反应堆和原子研究所的方式，来探讨这些问题。以及其他与地理相关的以水力发电计划的形式开发替代能源的尝试，以及它们对景观的更广泛影响。这项试验性研究将成为建立一个跨国、跨学科工作组的重点，为制定一个更广泛的项目做准备，该项目将探索北巴塔哥尼亚地区智利和阿根廷各地的保护景观、治国方略、权力实践和“废物”与“荒野”之间的关系。跨国界的北巴塔哥尼亚安第斯地区是一个长期存在政治争议的地区，在那里，最早的国家公园的宪报表明，阿根廷和智利都试图利用保护区来划定和强加主权，也是一个共享自然保护和寻找可持续能源开采形式的矛盾遗产的地区，这总是破坏自然环境。在过去的一个世纪里，本区域的区域经济发生了重大变化（特别是从林业转向旅游业），试图发展非煤基发电的替代形式（包括在保护区内和紧靠保护区的地方开发核电站和水力发电站），公共政策的变化（特别是与安第斯环境的养护和环境保护有关的政策）和国家公园的建立（通过位于巴塔哥尼亚安第斯山脉两侧的阿根廷纳韦尔·华皮和智利佩雷斯·罗萨莱斯的地理镜像公园）。这使它成为一个理想的地点，在这里探索过去，现在和未来的整体景观方法，以保护和清洁能源生产。我们的目标是组建一个跨学科的跨国网络，最终使我们能够考虑如何在制定该地区清洁能源生产的新政策和实践时共同考虑这些历史和当代的紧张关系。

This pilot project explores the ways in which the designation of certain forms of conservation landscape (for example national parks and other forms of protected areas) facilitate specific forms of environmentally damaging "non-conservation" activities outside of their borders. This invites a radical rethinking of conservation histories. We suggest that conservation landscapes cannot be studied without looking at the broader landscape management effects-the "salvation" of certain designated areas and the "sacrifice" this facilitates of others. We cannot understand the gazettal of protected buildings or landscapes without looking beyond the gazetted structure or reserved area to consider the negative actions which such conservation activity permits. Conservation landscapes are themselves often related to attempts by the state to restrict or control access-like the landscapes associated with nuclear power generation or nuclear waste disposal, national parks and other conservation areas are also landscapes of exclusion (Galison 2015). The project will explore these issues through a focus on the archaeological and heritage landscapes associated with the failed quest for nuclear fusion on Isla Humuel within Nahuel Huapi National Park near Bariloche in Argentina, and the ways in which this project facilitated the subsequent establishment of a working nuclear reactor and atomic research institute in the same town and park, and other geographically associated attempts to develop alternative energy sources in the form of hydroelectric power schemes, alongside their broader affects on the landscape. This pilot study will form the focus for the establishment of a transnational, interdisciplinary working group in preparation for the development of a broader project which will explore the relationship between conservation landscapes, statecraft, practices of power and relationships between "waste" and "wilderness" across Chile and Argentina in the Northern Patagonian region. The transnational North Patagonian Andean region is an area which has long been politically contested and in which the gazettal of the earliest national parks signals attempts to utilise protected areas to demark and impose sovereignty by both the Argentinean and Chilean states, and also an area that shares the paradoxical legacies of natural protection and the search for sustainable forms of energy extraction that invariably disrupt the natural environment. Over the past century this region has seen major changes in regional economies (in particular the shift from forestry to tourism), attempts to develop alternative forms of non-coal based power generation (including the development of both nuclear and hydroelectric power stations both within and immediately adjacent to conservation areas), changes in public policies (in particular relating to conservation and environmental protection of the Andean environment) and the creation of national parks (through the geographically mirrored parks of Nahuel Huapi in Argentina and Perez Rosales in Chile, located on each side of the Patagonian Andes). This makes it an ideal location in which to explore the past, present and futures of whole of landscape approaches to conservation and clean energy production. We aim to assemble an interdisciplinary, transnational network which would eventually enable us to consider how these historical and contemporary tensions might be considered collectively in the development of new policies and practices in clean energy production in the region.