"Deep Mapping" Estate Archives: A New Digital Methodology for Analyzing Estate Landscapes circa. 1500-1930

“深度测绘”庄园档案：一种用于分析大约庄园景观的新数字方法。

• 批准号: AH/T007109/1
• 负责人: Shaun Evans
• 金额: $ 25.44万
• 依托单位: Bangor University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FT007109%2F1
• 关键词: Deep; Mapping; Estate; Archives; New

Connections between land and power were most clearly and prevalently expressed through the estates of the gentry and aristocracy in the British Isles c.1500-1930. These landholdings, usually attached to a country house, provided a foundation for the owner's social, political, cultural and economic influence. They also afforded significant capacity for controlling aspects of the landscape's appearance and arrangement, and influencing how it was used, managed, inhabited and worked - through schemes of agriculture, enclosure, industry, architecture, forestry, leisure, transportation, horticulture, landscape design and tenant relations. Estates varied significantly in their size, character, composition and longevity, depending on the nature of their geographical setting and the identities of their owners and inhabitants. Most produced copious records pertaining to the acquisition, inheritance and management of land and the often wide-ranging activities associated with the estate. These archives form a major part of the nation's archival holdings, with thousands of such collections held by county record offices, national and university repositories and in private ownership. They provide abundant evidence (in the form of title deeds, maps, surveys, rentals, leases, accounts, plans and correspondence etc.) relating to individual places, landscapes and features (farms, fields, woodlands, buildings, industrial works etc.) often stretching over centuries of proprietorship. However, it is often difficult to comprehend these records, especially non-cartographic records, in relation to the precise 'places on the ground' to which they refer.This project will overcome this challenge by exploring methods of how to spatially link such records with the landscape through the creation of an online Geographical Information System (GIS). The ability to combine and structure records, from different collections, spatially and chronologically will open up new digital pathways for understanding post-medieval landscapes. The project is particularly interested in how a combination of records can reveal the changing extent, character, composition, use and appearance of estate landscapes across the period c.1500-1930. The project adopts a case study area in north-east Wales packed with multiple estates of varying character, composition and longevity and served with plentiful records, primarily held by county archives and the National Library of Wales. The analysis will be underpinned by the creation of multiple GIS datasets based on georeferenced records to develop a 'deep cadastral map'. All topographical features referenced in each record will be polygonised through the creation of digital boundaries. Further information on these features (e.g. place names, land use) will be incorporated into a linked database, allowing for the comprehensive extraction of information from each source. At the click of the button it will be possible to view a full recorded history of the landscape and its individual features, as built up through a layering of records from across time. The main output will be an online portal that will allow users to interrogate the GIS and its constituent records and datasets.The project pools expertise from academia and the cultural heritage sector, and from the fields of history, archives, digital humanities and archaeology. It will proceed as an important initiative of the Institute for the Study of Welsh Estates at Bangor University, in collaboration with Information Studies at Aberystwyth University, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, National Library of Wales and Denbighshire and Flintshire archives.The project will make a significant contribution to the intellectual debates on estate and designed landscapes. It will also create a methodology that can be applied to other historic environment projects across the UK and internationally.

土地和权力之间的联系在 1500 年至 1930 年不列颠群岛的士绅和贵族庄园中得到了最清晰、最普遍的体现。这些土地所有权通常附属于乡村别墅，为所有者的社会、政治、文化和经济影响力提供了基础。它们还提供了控制景观外观和布局的重要能力，并通过农业、圈地、工业、建筑、林业、休闲、交通、园艺、景观设计和租户关系方案影响景观的使用、管理、居住和工作方式。庄园的大小、特征、构成和寿命存在很大差异，具体取决于其地理环境的性质以及所有者和居民的身份。大多数记录都涉及土地的收购、继承和管理以及与遗产相关的广泛活动。这些档案构成了国家档案馆藏的主要部分，县档案局、国家和大学档案馆以及私人拥有数千份此类藏品。它们提供了与个别地点、景观和特征（农场、田地、林地、建筑物、工业工程等）相关的丰富证据（以地契、地图、调查、租赁、租约、账目、计划和信件等形式），这些证据通常延续了几个世纪的所有权。然而，通常很难理解这些记录，尤其是非地图记录，与其所指的精确“地面位置”相关。该项目将通过创建在线地理信息系统（GIS），探索如何将这些记录与景观在空间上联系起来的方法，从而克服这一挑战。按空间和时间顺序组合和构建来自不同收藏的记录的能力将为理解中世纪后景观开辟新的数字途径。该项目特别感兴趣的是如何通过记录的组合来揭示大约 1500 年至 1930 年期间庄园景观的范围、特征、构成、用途和外观的变化。该项目采用威尔士东北部的一个案例研究区域，这里分布着多个具有不同特征、组成和寿命的庄园，并拥有大量记录，主要由县档案馆和威尔士国家图书馆保存。该分析将通过基于地理参考记录创建多个 GIS 数据集来支持，以开发“深层地籍图”。每条记录中引用的所有地形要素都将通过创建数字边界进行多边形化。有关这些特征（例如地名、土地用途）的更多信息将被纳入链接数据库中，以便从每个来源全面提取信息。单击按钮，就可以查看景观及其各个特征的完整记录历史，这些历史是通过不同时间的记录分层建立的。主要成果将是一个在线门户，允许用户查询 GIS 及其组成记录和数据集。该项目汇集了学术界和文化遗产部门以及历史、档案、数字人文和考古学领域的专业知识。该项目将作为班戈大学威尔士遗产研究所的一项重要举措，与亚伯里斯特威斯大学信息研究所、威尔士古代和历史古迹皇家委员会、威尔士国家图书馆以及登比郡和弗林特郡档案馆合作进行。该项目将为关于遗产和设计景观的知识辩论做出重大贡献。它还将创建一种可应用于英国和国际上其他历史环境项目的方法。