COGNITIVE STRATEGY PROCESSES IN CHILDREN WITH DIABETES

儿童时期的慢性病影响到发育的许多方面。而当 胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM)尚未被发现 与一般智力有关，现在很明显，患有这种疾病的儿童 IDDM在一些特定的认知任务中有困难。此外， 发病年龄较早是造成这些问题的原因之一。早发性 糖尿病(EOD)显然与较差的空间技能有关。在每一个中 三项关于排泄物儿童(即4岁或更早的儿童)的研究 与后来患上IDDM(LOD)的儿童相比，他们的空间得分更低 或非糖尿病对照儿童。这些结果是很难预测的 然而，解释每一项研究都完全依赖于 心理测量。这些度量在描述 个人相对于标准样本的立场，以及这是否 个人的表现受到了损害。然而，他们不能透露 造成群体差异的流程或策略。这些 心理测量表现的差异可能反映出使用 这些策略或一个组(例如，EOD组)可以简单地执行一些 或者所有组件的处理速度都更慢。 这项修订后的提案旨在确定与 非糖尿病儿童和晚年患糖尿病的儿童， 在生命早期患上糖尿病的儿童(A)依赖不同的 空间任务的策略，或(B)使用类似的策略，但执行 组件处理速度或更慢。为了评估这些解释， 来自EOD、LOD和非糖尿病对照组的儿童和青少年 将在一系列空间任务中进行测试，以便具体评估 所使用的策略和组件流程的速度 被处死。受试者还将接受非空间任务的测试。他们的 这些任务的表现将使我们能够确定调查结果 关于认知加工的策略和速度是独有的 空间域或更一般地持有。具体地说，就是这种模式 将检查EOD、LOD和比较人员的响应时间，以 揭示执行任务所使用的策略。如果证据表明 小组使用相同的策略来解决任务，然后是时间 将比较组成任务的进程的执行情况。 样本将包括72名儿童，三组每组24名儿童， 年龄从9岁到16岁不等。所有人总体上都是健康的 上正规的学校教室。排泄组将被诊断为 4岁或4岁以下患有糖尿病。LOD组将是那些 4岁后被诊断为糖尿病的儿童。世界上的孩子们 比较组将按年龄(6个月内)、性别和年级进行匹配 在学校和排泄物和LOD的孩子在一起。所有的孩子都将接受测试 以下任务：心理旋转、模板、几何类比、 视觉搜索，两种记忆任务，以及学习成绩和 智慧。空间和记忆任务的表现也将是 与学业成就和对一般智力的估计相比， 确定早期研究的结果是否会被重复。

Chronic illnesses in childhood affect many aspects of development. While insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has not been found to be associated with general intelligence, it is now evident that children with IDDM have difficulties in a number of specific cognitive tasks. Further, early age of onset of the disease contributes to the problems. Early onset diabetes (EOD) is clearly associated with poorer spatial skill. In each of the three studies on the topic, EOD children (i.e. by age 4 or earlier) have had lower spatial scores than children who developed IDDM later (LOD) or nondiabetic comparison children. These results are difficult to interpret, however, each of the studies relied exclusively upon psychometric measures. These measures are useful in describing an individual's position relative to a normative sample, and whether that individual's performance is impaired. However, they cannot reveal processes or strategies that are responsible for group differences. These differences in psychometric performance could reflect differences in use of these strategies or one group (e.g. the EOD group) may simply execute some or all of the component processes more slowly. This revised proposal is designed to determine whether, compared to nondiabetic children and children who develop diabetes later in life, children who develop diabetes early in life (a) rely upon different strategies for spatial tasks, or (b) use similar strategies but execute the component processes or more slowly. To evaluate these explanations, children and adolescents from EOD, LOD, and nondiabetic comparison groups will be tested on a series of spatial tasks in order to assess specifically the strategies used and the speed with which component processes are executed. Subjects will also be tested on non-spatial tasks. Their performance on these tasks will allow us to determine if findings concerning strategies and speeds of cognitive processing are unique to the spatial domain or hold more generally. Specifically, the pattern of response times of EOD, LOD, and comparison individuals will be examined to reveal the strategies used to perform the tasks. If the evidence indicates that the groups use the same strategy for solving the task, then the time to execute the processes that constitute the task will be compared. The sample will include 72 children, 24 children in each of three groups, ranging from 9-16 years of age. All will be generally healthy and attending regular school classroom. The EOD group will have been diagnosed with diabetes at age 4 years or younger. The LOD group will be those children diagnosed with diabetes after 4 years of age. Children in the comparison groups will be matched by age (within 6 months), sex, and grade in school with the EOD and LOD children. All children will be tested on the following tasks: Mental rotation, Form board, Geometric analogies, Visual search, two memory tasks, and measures of academic achievement and intelligence. Performance on the spatial and memory tasks will also be compared to academic achievement and estimates of general intelligence to determine if findings from earlier studies will be replicated.