NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF AROUSAL AND EMOTION

众所周知，“压力”是导致精神分裂症发展的一个因素。 精神病理学，因此从心理健康的角度来看是有意义的。 脑去甲肾上腺素(NE)和5-羟色胺(5-羟色胺)能神经元 与适应性行为和生理反应密切相关 哺乳动物有机体对各种行为/环境和 生理/内部挑战。这件事似乎牵涉到 双向，因为这些神经元促进了全球有机体 对这些挑战的反应，并反过来受到这些挑战的影响。这个 目前的实验试图将这条线扩展到更多的 通过在单个单元级别检查这些关系来精确程度。 我们的方法是独特的，因为大脑去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺神经元的活动 将在动物行为方面进行研究，此外，还将与 各项外周生理指标。一系列实验 建议使用行为或生理挑战，其中 遵循目标。1)行为和外围设备的整合 去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺神经元的生理研究。2)比较 去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺神经元的反应。3)NE和5HT单位的相关变化 垂体-肾上腺对交感神经的激活作用 系统。4)去甲肾上腺素与5-羟色胺变化关系的直接分析 单位活动对心血管系统变化的影响。5)比较 内部(内脏)和外部(躯体)挑战的影响。6)A 行为唤醒与生理唤醒的重要性比较 挑战。7)唤醒与有害唤醒的比较。8)参与 内源性阿片类物质在5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素神经元对不同类型神经递质反应中的作用 挑战。9)去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺单位活性的变化 功能上(咬肌反射)。 这些研究与美国国立卫生研究院直接相关，因为 脑内去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺神经元参与觉醒和情绪，以及 更广泛地说，因为压力在各种疾病的病因中所起的作用 各种形式的精神病理学。

"Stress" is known to be a contributing factor in the development of psychopathology, and thus is of interest from a mental health perspective. Brain noradrenergic (NE) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons have been implicated strongly in the adaptive behavioral and physiological response of mammalian organisms to various behavioral/environmental and physiological/internal challenges. This involvement appears to be bidirectional in that these neurons facilitate the global organismic response to these challenges and, in turn, are influenced by them. The present experiments seek to extend this line of investigation to a more precise degree by examining these relationships at the single unit level. Our approach is unique in that the activity of brain NE and 5HT neurons will be studied in behaving animals, and, in addition, in conjunction with various peripheral physiological indices. A series of experiments employing behavioral or physiological challenges are proposed, with the following aims. 1) An integration of behavioral and peripheral physiological studies of NE and 5HT neurons. 2) A comparison of the response of NE and 5HT neurons. 3) Relating changes in NE and 5HT unit activity to activation of the pituitary-adrenal vs. sympathetic nervous system. 4) A direct analysis of the relationship of changes in NE and 5HT unit activity to changes in the cardiovascular system. 5) A comparison of the effect of internal (visceral) and external (somatic) challenges. 6) A comparison of the importance of behavioral arousal and physiological challenge. 7) A comparison of arousal and noxious arousal. 8) Involvement of endogenous opioids in the response of 5HT and NE neurons to various challenges. 9) How changes in NE and 5HT unit activity are manifested functionally (masseteric reflex). These studies are of direct relevance to the N.I.M.H. because of the involvement of brain NE and 5HT neurons in arousal and emotionality, and more generally, because of the role of stress in the etiology of various forms of psychopathology.