NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF AROUSAL AND EMOTION

众所周知，“压力”是发展的一个促成因素， 精神病理学，因此从心理健康的角度来看是有意义的。 脑去甲肾上腺素能（NE）和肾上腺素能（5 HT）神经元已被发现。 与适应性行为和生理反应密切相关 哺乳动物生物体的各种行为/环境和 生理/内部挑战。 这种参与似乎是 双向的，因为这些神经元促进全球器官 这些挑战，反过来又会影响到他们。 的 目前的实验试图将这条研究路线扩展到更广泛的领域。 通过在单个单元水平上检查这些关系来确定精确度。 我们的方法是独特的，因为脑NE和5 HT神经元的活动 将在行为动物中进行研究，此外， 各种外周生理指标。 一系列实验 采用行为或生理的挑战提出，与 的目标。 1)行为和外围的整合 NE和5 HT神经元的生理学研究。 2)的比较 NE和5 HT神经元的反应。 3)NE和5 HT单位的相关变化 垂体-肾上腺相对于交感神经的激活活性 系统 4)去甲肾上腺素与5-羟色胺变化关系的直接分析 单位活动的变化，在心血管系统。 5)的比较 内部（内脏）和外部（躯体）挑战的影响。 6)一 行为唤醒和生理唤醒的重要性的比较 挑战. 7)性唤起和有害性唤起的比较。 8)参与 内源性阿片类物质在5-HT和NE神经元对各种刺激的反应中的作用 挑战 9)NE和5 HT单位活性的变化如何表现 咬肌反射（masseteric reflex） 这些研究与N.I.M.H.因为 脑NE和5 HT神经元参与唤醒和情绪， 更一般地说，由于压力在各种病因学中的作用， 精神病理学的形式。

"Stress" is known to be a contributing factor in the development of psychopathology, and thus is of interest from a mental health perspective. Brain noradrenergic (NE) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons have been implicated strongly in the adaptive behavioral and physiological response of mammalian organisms to various behavioral/environmental and physiological/internal challenges. This involvement appears to be bidirectional in that these neurons facilitate the global organismic response to these challenges and, in turn, are influenced by them. The present experiments seek to extend this line of investigation to a more precise degree by examining these relationships at the single unit level. Our approach is unique in that the activity of brain NE and 5HT neurons will be studied in behaving animals, and, in addition, in conjunction with various peripheral physiological indices. A series of experiments employing behavioral or physiological challenges are proposed, with the following aims. 1) An integration of behavioral and peripheral physiological studies of NE and 5HT neurons. 2) A comparison of the response of NE and 5HT neurons. 3) Relating changes in NE and 5HT unit activity to activation of the pituitary-adrenal vs. sympathetic nervous system. 4) A direct analysis of the relationship of changes in NE and 5HT unit activity to changes in the cardiovascular system. 5) A comparison of the effect of internal (visceral) and external (somatic) challenges. 6) A comparison of the importance of behavioral arousal and physiological challenge. 7) A comparison of arousal and noxious arousal. 8) Involvement of endogenous opioids in the response of 5HT and NE neurons to various challenges. 9) How changes in NE and 5HT unit activity are manifested functionally (masseteric reflex). These studies are of direct relevance to the N.I.M.H. because of the involvement of brain NE and 5HT neurons in arousal and emotionality, and more generally, because of the role of stress in the etiology of various forms of psychopathology.