A Facility for Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APPES) (R)

50多年来，X射线光电子能谱(XPS)在研究固体的填充电子态以及帮助确定固体表面和分子物种之间相互作用的性质方面已经证明了自己是一种宝贵的技术。不幸的是，该技术有一个主要缺陷，那就是典型的XPS测量是在超高真空(UHV)条件下(10-10 mbar)进行的，这是因为需要将激发的光电子到达能量分析仪之前发生不利碰撞的可能性降至最低。由于这种限制，研究具有重要技术价值的材料表面的压力比系统本身的运行条件(1-50巴)低许多个数量级。弥合这一所谓的“压力鸿沟”仍然是一项重大的技术挑战。电子能量分析器和样品架设计的最新发展首次允许在高达25mbar的环境压力下进行光电子能谱测量。有机会在原位和在操作中研究“真实”表面是光电子能谱领域的一大变革，并开启了表面科学领域的新的重要篇章。环境压力光电子能谱(APPES)系统是一种基于实验室的最先进仪器，能够在高达25 mbar的环境压力下使用多种不同的气体(O2、N2、H2、乙烯、乙炔)进行高能量分辨率、低信噪比的光电子发射测量。该仪器配备了单色X射线源和高透过率差动泵浦电子能量分析仪。该系统配备了一个现场样品池，它可以在环境大气中提供80-1100K的温度范围，允许在手术室中进行测量。这一特别设计的模块化原位分析池可从分析室内完全伸缩，还允许轻松执行标准的特高压XPS比较测量。位于伦敦帝国理工学院材料系的APPES仪器将是高度多学科的，涵盖五个广泛的研究主题(I)能源；(Ii)催化；(Iii)电子材料；(Iv)生物材料；(V)环境与遗产科学。该仪器设在帝国理工学院，在区域、国家(包括钻石光源)和国际层面上进行高度协作的研究，还通过协调纽卡斯尔大学的国家XPS设施(Nexus)提供准入安排。这种提供广泛接入的新方法将使APPES技术得到充分开发，并产生世界领先的尖端科学成果。

For over 50 years, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has demonstrated itself as an invaluable technique in the study of filled electronic states of solids, as well helping to determine the nature of interactions between solid surfaces and molecular species. Unfortunately there is one main drawback in the technique, that being that typical XPS measurements are performed in ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions (10-10 mbar), due to the need of minimising the chances of unfavourable collisions occurring before the excited photoelectrons reach the energy analyser. Due to this restraint, studying the surfaces of technologically important materials occurs at a pressure many orders of magnitude lower than the operational conditions of the systems themselves (1-50 bar). Bridging this so-called "Pressure Gap" has remained a significant technological challenge. Very recent developments in electron energy analyser and sample holder design have for the first time allowed photoelectron spectroscopic measurements to be performed in ambient pressures of up to 25 mbar. The opportunity to study "real" surfaces in-situ and in-operando is a step change in the field of photoelectron spectroscopy, and opens a new and vital chapter in the area of surface science.The ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) system is a state-of-the-art laboratory-based instrument with capabilities of performing high-energy resolution, low signal-to-noise photoemission measurements in up to 25 mbar ambient pressure with a number of different gases (O2, N2, H2, ethylene, acetylene). The instrument is equipped with a monochromated x-ray source and a high transmission, differentially pumped electron energy analyser. The system is fitted with an in-situ sample cell, which can provide a temperature range of 80 - 1100 K in the ambient atmospheres, permitting in-operando measurements. This specially designed modular in-situ cell, which is fully retractable from the analysis chamber, also allows standard UHV XPS comparative measurements to be performed with ease.The APPES instrument based at the Department of Materials, Imperial College London will be highly multidisciplinary, covering five broad research themes (i) Energy; (ii) Catalysis; (iii) Electronic Materials; (iv) Biomaterials; (v) Environmental and Heritage Science. The instrument, while hosted at Imperial is engaged in highly collaborative research at a regional, national (including the Diamond Light Source) and international level, with access arrangements also provided through coordination the National XPS Facility (NEXUS) at the University of Newcastle. This new approach to providing wide- reaching access will allow the APPES technique to be fully exploited and generate world-leading cutting edge scientific output.