Superconducting Ferromagnetic Metamaterials Enabling the Development of Resilient High Voltage / High Current Transmission Systems

需要在高压输电线路上取得技术突破，以实现弹性和环保的城市电网，以及将电力从可再生能源远距离输送到负荷中心，这是一个不可否认的现实，今天需要解决这一问题。当然，如果我们想要应对未来几十年预计的电力需求和大规模电动汽车使用，情况就是如此。针对这一需求，SUPERFE提出了一套新的超材料，它结合了高温超导材料(HTS)的出色电学特性和软铁磁层(SFM)的屏蔽磁性能，并将它们引入到高压直流输电和几乎为零漏磁和功率损耗的三相HVAC网络的电力导体设计中。众所周知，尽管高温超导导线为这些网络中的每一个提供了无与伦比的性能特征，但当考虑到单根电缆或孤立的电流相时，它们的好处肯定是真实的，因为任何相邻电缆产生的大感应损耗都可以忽略不计。然而，由于发电和终端使用的电力工业几乎完全是交流的，对于必须与它们共享通行权的三相电力系统或直流系统，现实是，造成HTS网络运行成本的主要因素是由其他电缆产生的磁场产生的损耗，这种情况只能通过此类应用的数值模拟来理解，因为需要首先计算迟滞功率损耗的发生。为了模拟高温超导单相和三相输电线路的实际电力应用，导体不仅仅是高温超导材料，从这个意义上说，使用高温超导导体改造地下输电线路的两种主要绝缘方案将被考虑，温电介质(W-)和冷电介质(C-)设计，其新颖的特征是添加HTS/SFM亚结构来降低整个系统的滞后损耗。在第一阶段，我们将在SFM护套中嵌入多芯高温超导电缆，从而减少或几乎消除由同轴电缆的伴随作用产生的磁化损耗，而不需要额外的高温超导屏蔽，而高温超导屏蔽也是额外的功率损耗源。类似的亚结构已经被证明可以提高高温超导电缆的力学性能，但它在不同超导和铁磁复合材料中的电磁行为以及它们在三相或直流多导体配置下的整体性能尚不清楚。我们的目标是研究HTS/SFM温导体的不同磁护套，以实现SFMS在电力应用中的实际商业市场。从这个意义上说，33种不同的相对磁导率在~1到35000之间的SFM材料将被考虑作为该项目的一部分，从而产生世界上第一张单相高温超导/SFM输电线路的交流损失图。然后，这将扩展到冷热介质传输线的三轴和三重设计，找到这项技术的最佳投资路线，以显著降低成本和提高效率为主要目标。该项目提出的研究是寻找节能和弹性传输网络的首个此类研究，其长期目标是降低电网加固、故障限制器和其他电力管理设备的更换和升级成本，提高公众接受度，降低安装成本，因为它们在人口稠密地区减少了对通行权的使用。

The need for a technological breakthrough in high voltage power transmission lines for resilient and environmentally friendly urban grids, as well as for the transport of power over long distances from renewable energy sources to load centers, is an undeniable reality that needs to be addressed today. Of course, this is the case if we want to cope with the demand of electric power and massive electric vehicle use expected in the next few decades. SUPERFEM responds to this need by proposing a new set of novel metamaterials which brings together the outstanding electric characteristics of High Temperature Superconducting materials (HTS) with, the shielding magnetic properties of Soft Ferromagnetic layers (SFM), introducing them in the design of power conductors for HVDC and three-phase HVAC networks with nearly zero magnetic leakages and power losses. It is already known that although the HTS conductors offer unbeatable performance features for each one of these networks, their benefits are certainly true when single cables or isolated current-phases are considered, as the large inductive losses produced by any neighbouring cable can be neglected. However, as the electric utility industry for generation and end usage are almost exclusively AC, for three phase power systems or DC systems which will have to share the right of way with them, the reality is that the major factor contributing to the operational costs of HTS networks is the losses produced by the magnetic field created by each one of the other cables, a situation that can only be understood by the numerical modelling of these kind of applications, as the occurrence of hysteretic power losses needs to be calculated to the fore. For the modelling of real power applications of HTS single- and three-phase power transmission lines, a conductor is more than just the HTS material, and in this sense two major types of insulation schemes for retrofitting underground power transmission lines with HTS conductors, the Warm dielectric (W-) and Cold dielectric (C-) designs will be considered, with the novel feature of adding HTS/SFM metastructures to reduce the hysteretic losses of the entire system. In a first stage, we will embed a multifilamentary HTS cable into SFM sheaths, such that the magnetization losses produced by the concomitant action of co-axial cables is reduced or, virtually eliminated, without the need of having further HTS shields which also serve as an additional source of power losses. Similar metastructures have been demonstrated to enhance the mechanical properties of HTS cables, but its electromagnetic behaviour for different superconducting and ferromagnetic composites and their overall performance under three-phase or DC multiconductor configurations is unknown. We aim to study different magnetic sheaths for HTS/SFM warm conductors into the actual commercial market of SFMs for power applications. In this sense, 33 different SFM materials with relative magnetic permeability ranging from ~1 to 35000 will be considered as part of this project, leading to the world's first map of AC-losses for single phase HTS/SFM transmission lines. This will be then extended to triaxial and triad designs of warm and cold dielectric transmission lines, finding the best route of investment for this technology with a significant cost reduction and efficiency gain as the primary targets.The research proposed in this project is the first of its kind on the search of energy-efficient and resilient transmission networks, which in the long term aims to mitigate costs of grid reinforcement, replacement and upgrade of fault limiters and other power management devices, with greater levels of public acceptance and lowering of installation costs, due their reduced need for use of the right of way in highly populated areas.