Durham University's Core Equipment Award 2022

杜伦大学 2022 年核心设备奖

• 批准号: EP/X035204/1
• 负责人: Colin Bain
• 金额: $ 115.48万
• 依托单位: Durham University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FX035204%2F1
• 关键词: Durham; University; Core; Equipment; Award

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) is the most powerful technique for understanding the structure, properties and function of solid-state materials. A beam of X-rays is directed into the sample and the emerging pattern can be detected and analysed both spatially and by energy and used to determine many properties of the sample. Crucially a macroscopic crystal is not required which is needed in many other X-ray based techniques.In chemistry it is the primary method for analysing newly-synthesised or controlled-morphology compounds with novel physical properties (e.g. functional materials for energy- and environment-related application, such as battery materials, fuel cell materials, lighting phosphors and oxygen storage materials); it's required to understand the structures of heterogeneous catalysts (zeolites, oxides, nanoparticles) needed for environmentally sustainable chemical processes and emissions control; and it is crucial for understanding and controlling the solid form of pharmaceuticals. In condensed matter physics, PXRD helps unravel the crucial atomic rearrangements that might accompany important property changes such as superconductivity, magnetism and skyrmion formation. In materials science and engineering it's needed to characterise samples such as graphene and its derivatives and solar cell materials. In earth sciences it is the principal tool for phase identification and quantification of minerals and clay content and how they evolve under different environmental conditions and is an important consideration in areas such as the built environment. Outside the direct EPSRC remit, though linked through multidisciplinary research that is supported by both EPSRC and BBSRC, in biosciences, even protein structures have been solved by powder diffraction. The technique is of increasing importance in cultural heritage, as exemplified by recent Durham research highlights on ancient manuscript pigments and the provenance and production processes of archaeological ceramics where instrumentation has been developed with EPSRC funding for specific applications.

粉末 X 射线衍射 (PXRD) 是了解固态材料的结构、性质和功能的最强大技术。将一束 X 射线射入样品，可以在空间和能量上检测和分析出现的图案，并用于确定样品的许多特性。至关重要的是，不需要宏观晶体，而许多其他基于 X 射线的技术则需要宏观晶体。在化学中，它是分析具有新颖物理性质的新合成或受控形态化合物（例如用于能源和环境相关应用的功能材料，如电池材料、燃料电池材料、照明荧光粉和储氧材料）的主要方法；需要了解环境可持续化学过程和排放控制所需的多相催化剂（沸石、氧化物、纳米颗粒）的结构；这对于理解和控制药物的固体形式至关重要。在凝聚态物理学中，PXRD 有助于揭示关键的原子重排，这些重排可能伴随着超导性、磁性和斯格明子形成等重要性质的变化。在材料科学和工程中，需要表征石墨烯及其衍生物和太阳能电池材料等样品。在地球科学中，它是矿物和粘土含量的物相识别和定量以及它们在不同环境条件下如何演变的主要工具，并且是建筑环境等领域的重要考虑因素。在 EPSRC 的直接职权范围之外，尽管通过 EPSRC 和 BBSRC 支持的多学科研究联系起来，但在生物科学领域，甚至蛋白质结构也可以通过粉末衍射来解决。该技术在文化遗产中的重要性与日俱增，达勒姆大学最近对古代手稿颜料以及考古陶瓷的来源和生产过程的研究重点就证明了这一点，其中仪器是在 EPSRC 的资助下针对特定应用而开发的。