Ethnic inequalities in child development and health: an examination and comparison across the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand

英国(UK)、美国(US)和新西兰(NZ)的少数族裔群体的健康状况比占多数的白人要差得多，而且死得更早。这些健康不平等背后的原因在很大程度上是未知的，尽管少数民族群体往往比白人在经济和物质上更贫穷，这导致他们的健康状况更差。种族主义和歧视的经历也被发现有助于白人和少数民族之间的健康差异。尽管美国、英国和新西兰在非白人群体的健康状况比白人更差方面存在广泛的相似之处，但不同的少数民族群体的健康不平等在国家之间、国家内部和整个生命过程中都有所不同。由于主要少数群体的原籍国、移徙原因、所代表的族裔群体的文化、经济和人口状况以及公民和政治文化的不同，儿童健康和发展方面的族裔不平等可能会有所不同。本项目将审查的三个国家在记录在案的种族不平等、减少上述不平等的承诺以及健康和社会调查的可获得性方面相似，但也有明显的差异，包括在医疗保健和福利制度方面，以及非常不同的少数民族人口，这些国家在移民和殖民的历史和原因等方面存在差异。比较这些民族在这些国家背景下的健康状况将有助于我们更好地了解哪些因素导致了这些不同和可以避免的健康状况，并将有助于政策制定者了解在其他方面哪些关键特征可以减少或促进，以解决可预防的种族不平等问题。在拟议的项目中，我将探索哪些因素影响少数民族和白人占多数的儿童在童年早期的健康和发展，并导致他们长大后健康方面的不平等。我将分析四个数据集(一个在英国，一个在美国，两个在新西兰)，这些数据提供了少数民族和白人占多数的儿童的身心健康和发育的详细信息，以及他们的家庭、学校、社区和国家背景的信息。这一拟议项目的主要目标是：1.通过评估一系列生物、心理社会、经济和行为因素的作用，审查在个人和家庭一级造成族裔健康不平等的风险因素。审查可能在邻里一级解释种族健康不平等的因素，包括地区剥夺、收入不平等、社会资本和种族密度。3.分析英国、美国和新西兰之间的结构差异，以此作为儿童健康和发展方面种族不平等的可能解释，包括移徙因素、原籍国的社会经济特征、社会和公共政策、提供医疗保健的结构以及历史和当代的种族关系。

Ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US) and New Zealand (NZ) have much poorer health and die younger than the white majority. The causes behind these inequalities in health are largely unexplained, although ethnic minority groups tend to be financially and materially poorer than white people, and this contributes to their worse health. Experiences of racism and discrimination have been found to also contribute to health differences between white people and ethnic minorities. Although broad similarities exist in the US, UK and NZ in terms of worse health among non-white ethnic groups relative to white people, health inequalities vary across ethnic minority groups both between and within countries and throughout the life course. Variations in ethnic inequalities in child health and development may arise due to differences in the countries of origin of the predominant minority groups, in reasons for migration, in cultural, economic and demographic profiles of the ethnic groups represented, and in civic and political cultures. The three countries that will be examined in this project are similar in terms of their documented ethnic inequalities, commitment to reducing said inequalities, and availability of health and social surveys, but also have stark differences, including in their healthcare and welfare systems, and very different ethnic minority populations, which vary, among other things, in terms of histories and reasons for migration and colonisation. Comparing the health of ethnic groups in these national settings will help us to better understand which factors lead to these different and avoidable health profiles, and will help inform policy makers about what are the key features that can be reduced, or promoted, in other to tackle preventable ethnic inequalities in health.In the proposed project I will explore which factors influence the health and development of ethnic minority and white majority children during the early years of childhood, and lead to inequities in health as they grow up. I will analyse four datasets (one in the UK, one in the US and two in NZ), which provide detailed information on ethnic minority and white majority children's mental and physical health and development, as well as information about their families, schools, neighbourhoods and national context. Key goals of this proposed project are to: 1. Examine the risk factors that contribute to generating ethnic health inequalities at the individual and family level, by assessing the contribution of a range of biological, psychosocial, economic and behavioural factors.2. Examine factors that might explain ethnic inequalities in health at the neighbourhood level, including area deprivation, income inequality, social capital, and ethnic density. 3. Analyse structural differences between the UK, US and NZ as possible explanations for ethnic inequalities in child health and development, including migratory factors, socio-economic characteristics of the country of origin, social and public policies, structures for the delivery of healthcare, and historical and contemporary ethnic relations.