Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict Cities: the Role of the Urban Informal Economy

冲突后城市的经济复苏：城市非正规经济的作用

• 批准号: ES/M008789/1
• 负责人: Alison Brown
• 金额: $ 52.44万
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FM008789%2F1
• 关键词: Economic; Recovery; Post; Conflict; Cities

The research explores the role of the urban informal economy (IE) in poverty-reduction and peace-building in post-conflict cities, and its scope to provide livelihoods for the extreme poor and a platform for economic recovery. With a focus on urban areas in post-civil war settings, and on cities affected by protest or on-going turf wars, the research explores the complex drivers of conflict and links to the IE, the structural and individual factors that support/inhibit growth of the IE, and the role of local government (LG) in post-conflict economic recovery. Political upheaval or violent conflict is often characterised by a fundamental failure of governance and economic collapse. An immediate impact of crisis may be the destruction of livelihoods and local economies, leading to insecurity, poverty, and hunger, which in turn exacerbates insecurity and rights violations. A further problem is the failure of local governance and the provision of basic services in conflict-affected settings. Working in the IE is an important coping strategy in such contexts. Worldwide, the contribution of urban informal enterprises to GDP and jobs is substantial. Even when political stability is assured informality remains a structural characteristic of low-income economies, yet local and international policies see the IE only as a temporary solution. Post-conflict strategies should thus foster the IE, rather than dismiss its potential. The research focuses on Question 3) of the Research Call, to assess how measures that support the urban IE may reduce the "impact of violence and instability on the poorest, and increase the effectiveness of peace-building, state-building and wider development interventions in fragile and conflict-affected situations". The research also addresses Question 1), examining conflict as a factor that shapes "pathways into and out of poverty and people's experience of this".The hypothesis of the research is that in fragile and conflict-affected situations, the urban informal economy (IE) plays a pivotal role as a source of livelihoods and a platform for medium-term poverty-reduction, peace-building, and economic recovery, and that effective recognition of the IE by emergent local government and the international relief community is essential for this role to be realised.The Objectives are explored through three broad questions:1. How might measures supporting the urban IE increase the effectiveness of peace-building and reconciliation? 2. How can support for the IE create sustained routes out of extreme poverty and contribute to poverty reduction and economic growth?3. How can local governments in fragile urban contexts support IE livelihoods and contribute to state-building?Post-conflict recovery is a long and cyclical process and the research is based on case studies of cities with different drivers of conflict, those facing current unrest and those which have made a transition from conflict. The five case study cities have different experiences of conflict, including 'institutional' struggles for state control (Cairo and Kathmandu), 'economic' conflict over control of resources (Monrovia), 'social/political' control (Karachi) and 'emergent governance' (Hargeisa). The research is important because it will bring an understanding of the dynamic and economic potential of the IE into post-conflict debates. The findings will be taken forward by all the research partners: UN-Habitat in livelihoods and reconstruction policy, the Commonwealth Local Government Forum in strategies to strengthen post-conflict local government, Responding to Conflict in reconciliation, training, and peace-building, and communities in developing agency and voice. The research thus has significant potential to influence development assistance in practice.

该研究探讨了城市非正规经济（IE）在冲突后城市减贫和建设和平中的作用，及其为极端贫困人口提供生计和经济复苏平台的范围。该研究重点关注内战后的城市地区以及受抗议或正在进行的地盘争夺战影响的城市，探讨了冲突的复杂驱动因素以及与工业革命的联系、支持/抑制工业革命的结构性和个体因素，以及地方政府（LG）在冲突后经济复苏中的作用。政治动乱或暴力冲突的特点往往是治理根本失败和经济崩溃。危机的直接影响可能是生计和当地经济遭到破坏，导致不安全、贫困和饥饿，进而加剧不安全和权利侵犯。另一个问题是地方治理和受冲突影响地区基本服务的提供失败。在这种情况下，在 IE 中工作是一个重要的应对策略。在世界范围内，城市非正规企业对国内生产总值和就业的贡献是巨大的。即使政治稳定得到保证，非正规性仍然是低收入经济体的结构特征，但地方和国际政策仅将信息经济视为临时解决方案。因此，冲突后战略应该促进信息经济，而不是忽视其潜力。该研究的重点是研究呼吁的问题3），以评估支持城市IE的措施如何减少“暴力和不稳定对最贫困人口的影响，并提高脆弱和受冲突影响局势中和平建设、国家建设和更广泛发展干预的有效性”。该研究还解决了问题 1），将冲突视为塑造“陷入贫困和摆脱贫困的途径以及人们对此的经历”的一个因素。该研究的假设是，在脆弱和受冲突影响的局势中，城市非正规经济（IE）作为生计来源和中期减贫、和平建设和经济复苏的平台发挥着关键作用，并且有效认识到城市非正规经济（IE）发挥着关键作用。 新兴地方政府和国际救援界的 IE 对于实现这一作用至关重要。目标通过三个广泛的问题进行探讨： 1．支持城市IE的措施如何提高建设和平与和解的有效性？ 2. 对IE的支持如何创造摆脱极端贫困的持续途径并促进减贫和经济增长？3.脆弱城市环境中的地方政府如何支持工业企业生计并为国家建设做出贡献？冲突后恢复是一个长期且周期性的过程，该研究基于对具有不同冲突驱动因素的城市、面临当前动乱的城市和已摆脱冲突的城市的案例研究。五个案例研究城市有着不同的冲突经历，包括国家控制的“制度”斗争（开罗和加德满都）、资源控制的“经济”冲突（蒙罗维亚）、“社会/政治”控制（卡拉奇）和“紧急治理”（哈尔格萨）。这项研究很重要，因为它将让人们了解信息经济的动态和经济潜力，并将其带入冲突后的辩论中。研究结果将由所有研究伙伴共同推进：人居署负责生计和重建政策，英联邦地方政府论坛负责加强冲突后地方政府的战略，应对冲突涉及和解、培训和建设和平，社区负责发展机构和发言权。因此，这项研究具有影响实践发展援助的巨大潜力。

项目成果

Refugee economies: lessons from Addis Ababa

难民经济：亚的斯亚贝巴的经验教训

• 发表时间: 2017
• 作者: Brown, A.

Multi-dimensional conflict and the resilient urban informal economy in Karachi, Pakistan

巴基斯坦卡拉奇的多维冲突和富有弹性的城市非正规经济

• DOI: 10.3828/idpr.2021.13
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: International Development Planning Review
• 影响因子: 1.6
• 作者: Mackie P

Contested Spaces of Exchange: Informal Cross-Border Trade on the India-Bangladesh Border

有争议的交换空间：印度-孟加拉国边境的非正式跨境贸易

• DOI: 10.1080/08039410.2023.2255211
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Forum for Development Studies
• 影响因子: 0.7
• 作者: Brown A

Local Economic Development, micro-entreprise and crime reduction: Lessons from Cali, Colombia, Discussion Paper 31

地方经济发展、微型企业和减少犯罪：哥伦比亚卡利的经验教训，讨论文件 31

• 发表时间: 2018
• 作者: Martinez L.

Local government dissolution in Karachi: chasm or catalyst?

卡拉奇地方政府解散：鸿沟还是催化剂？

• DOI: 10.1080/23802014.2016.1315318
• 发表时间: 2017
• 期刊: A TWQ Journal
• 作者: Brown A