Understanding the Intersections between Care Experience and Ethnicity in Criminal Justice Involvement

了解刑事司法参与中护理经验与种族之间的交叉点

• 批准号: ES/W002221/2
• 负责人: Katie Elizabeth Hunter
• 金额: $ 2.49万
• 依托单位: Manchester Metropolitan University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ES%2FW002221%2F2
• 关键词: Understanding; Intersections; between; Care; Experience

Currently, the government does not know how many of its looked after children (for example, children who have lived in foster care or children's homes) become involved with the youth justice system, or how many of those children reside in youth custody (see Hunter, 2019; Laming, 2016). It does not know how many care experienced individuals fall into criminal justice involvement and imprisonment (see Fitzpatrick et al. 2019). There is no data which outlines the ethnicity of care experienced individuals who become justice involved. The new MoJ/DfE linked administrative datasets funded by ADR UK will make it possible to analyse the intersections between ethnicity, care experience, and criminal justice involvement for the first time.This Fellowship will directly build upon my PhD research on the over-representation of looked after children and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) children in the youth justice system in England and Wales. The research utilised official statistics and 27 in-depth interviews with youth justice and children's services experts. Principally, the research indicated that existing inequalities in relation to ethnicity and looked after status have intensified and that BAME looked after children experience compounded disadvantage (Hunter, 2019). However, the thesis found that much is still unknown about the intersections between ethnicity and looked after status in youth justice involvement, largely as a result of insufficient official data. The research evidence suggests that failings in the care system can both increase the risk of justice system contact and influence routes through the justice system (see Hunter, 2019). Evidence also points to frequency of incidents, as opposed to seriousness, having the greatest impact on criminal justice interventions for looked after children (see Shaw, 2014). The new linked datasets mean that it is now possible to explore when offending began and frequency of offending for care experienced individuals, as well as the role of ethnicity. Furthermore, information about care histories means that we can explore the effect of various experiences on criminal justice outcomes. Research suggests that age entering care and multiple placements may influence offending (e.g. Baskin & Sommers, 2011; Darker, Ward & Caulfield, 2008; Jonson-Reid & Barth, 2000). However, no study has considered how certain features of care experience might impact upon criminal justice outcomes for different ethnic groups. The Laming Review estimated that 44 percent of all looked after children in custody come from an ethnic minority background (PRT, 2016: 65). The international research also suggests that there is a relationship between ethnicity and involvement in systems of care and justice, which warrants further investigation. Studies from the USA and Australia suggest that minority ethnic children in care have higher rates of youth justice involvement (see for example, Dollan et al. 2013; Goodkind et al., 2012; Ryan, Testa & Zhai, 2008; Stewart et al. 2008) and receive harsher outcomes than their white peers (Herz, Ryan & Bilchik, 2010). The research aims to address gaps in knowledge with regards to the intersections between ethnicity and looked after status in offending and youth/adult criminal justice involvement. It will utilise new linked MoJ/DfE data to investigate the onset and frequency of offending of care experienced individuals and their ethnic group. It will explore the impact of various care system experiences (such as number of placements) on criminal justice outcomes, and whether this varies by ethnic group. In doing so, it will produce findings which will benefit professionals and policymakers and most importantly, BAME care experienced individuals.

目前，政府不知道有多少被照顾的儿童（例如，住在寄养家庭或儿童之家的儿童）参与了青少年司法系统，或者有多少儿童居住在青少年监护下（见亨特，2019;拉明，2016）。它不知道有多少护理经验丰富的个人陷入刑事司法参与和监禁（见菲茨帕特里克等人。2019）。没有任何数据可以概述有护理经验的个人成为司法参与者的种族情况。由ADR UK资助的新MoJ/DfE链接的行政数据集将使其有可能分析种族，护理经验和刑事司法参与之间的交叉点首次。这项奖学金将直接建立在我的博士研究上，研究被照顾的儿童和黑人，亚洲和少数民族（BAME）儿童在英格兰和威尔士的青年司法系统中的过度代表性。该研究利用了官方统计数据和27次与青年司法和儿童服务专家的深入访谈。主要是，研究表明，与种族和照顾地位有关的现有不平等现象加剧，BAME照顾的儿童经历了复杂的劣势（Hunter，2019）。然而，论文发现，很多仍然是未知的种族之间的交叉点，并在青年司法参与后的地位，主要是由于官方数据不足。研究证据表明，护理系统的失败既可以增加与司法系统接触的风险，也可以影响通过司法系统的途径（见亨特，2019）。证据还指出，与严重性相反，事件发生的频率对被照顾儿童的刑事司法干预影响最大（见Shaw，2014年）。新的关联数据集意味着现在可以探索犯罪开始的时间和有护理经验的个人的犯罪频率，以及种族的作用。此外，有关护理历史的信息意味着我们可以探索各种经验对刑事司法结果的影响。研究表明，进入护理和多次安置的年龄可能会影响犯罪（例如，巴斯金和萨默斯，2011年;达克，沃德和考尔菲尔德，2008年;琼森-里德和巴斯，2000年）。然而，没有研究考虑到护理经验的某些功能可能会影响不同种族群体的刑事司法结果。《拉明评论》估计，在所有被监护的儿童中，44%来自少数民族背景（PRT，2016：65）。国际研究还表明，族裔与参与照料和司法系统之间存在着关系，值得进一步调查。来自美国和澳大利亚的研究表明，受照顾的少数民族儿童的青年司法参与率较高（例如，见Dollan等人，2013年; Goodkind等人，2012; Ryan，Testa & Zhai，2008; Stewart et al. 2008），并且比他们的白色同龄人接受更严厉的结果（Herz，Ryan & Bilchik，2010）。研究的目的是解决种族和犯罪中的受照顾地位与青年/成人刑事司法参与之间的交叉点方面的知识差距。它将利用司法部/教育部新的相关数据，调查有护理经验的个人及其族裔群体犯罪的发生和频率。它将探讨各种护理系统的经验（如安置数量）对刑事司法结果的影响，以及这是否因种族而异。在这样做的过程中，它将产生有益于专业人员和政策制定者的调查结果，最重要的是，BAME护理经验丰富的个人。