FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PERCEPTUAL AND MEMORY SYSTEMS IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN

为了更好地理解大脑皮层调节感知的机制， 记忆，我们一直在研究组成视觉的功能区域， 在非人类灵长类动物的联合皮层，并探讨了他们的 通过使用神经解剖追踪技术， 结合神经活动的生理记录。 我们的结果 这表明，一个独立的视觉区域的多样性超出了 初级视觉皮层在信息流处理中的作用。 这些 区域形成两个等级组织和功能专业化 皮层通路：枕颞通路，或“腹侧流”， 识别物体，以及枕顶通路，或“背侧通路”， 流”，用于欣赏物体之间的空间关系 以及对它们的视觉引导。 而大脑中的神经元 沿着进入颞叶的通路的沿着区域处理视觉特征 对象，如颜色和形式，那些在区域沿着的路径进入 顶叶处理物体的视觉空间属性，例如 他们的运动方向。 这两种加工途径不仅 在解剖学和功能上不同，但它们也可以是 通过神经化学特征来区分。 而绝大多数 枕顶通路内的神经元含有神经丝 蛋白质，这是真的不到一半的神经元内的 枕颞径路 为了确定这些基因之间的同源性， 人类和猴子的大脑，我们已经开始研究人类的主题， 使用功能性脑成像和使用该功能性脑成像的人脑组织 我们在猴脑上使用的免疫组织学染色技术 组织. 到目前为止，在我们的大脑成像研究中，我们已经定位了这两个 视觉处理途径在人脑中，研究功能 专业化的视觉属性，并确定其 前额叶皮层中工作记忆的进一步扩展。 此外，我们已经证明，学习和保留的 简单的技能，包括知觉和运动，涉及神经机制 位于皮层处理的早期阶段，即， 视觉和运动皮层 在我们对人脑组织的研究中， 成功地识别出了人类大脑中的几个皮层区域， 已经在猴脑中描述了，包括视觉区域V2，V3和V4。 山 未来的研究将继续进行脑功能成像研究， 人类的感知和记忆以及平行单细胞记录研究 在清醒的猴子身上 一个主要的努力将是确定如何“顶- 注意和记忆的“向下”影响影响知觉加工。

To better understand the cortical mechanisms mediating perception and memory, we have been examining the functional areas that comprise visual association cortex in nonhuman primates and explored their interconnections by the use of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neural activity. Our results indicate that a multiplicity of separate visual areas lie beyond the primary visual cortex in the stream of information processing. These areas form two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized cortical pathways: an occipitotemporal pathway, or 'ventral stream', for the identification of objects, and an occipitoparietal pathway, or 'dorsal stream', for the appreciation of the spatial relationships among objects and the visual guidance of movement towards them. Whereas neurons in the areas along the pathway into the temporal lobe process the visual features objects, such as color and form, those in areas along the pathway into the parietal lobe process the visuospatial attributes of objects, such as their direction of motion. Not only are the two processing pathways anatomically and functionally distinct, but they can also be differentiated by their neurochemical profiles. Whereas the vast majority of neurons within the occipitoparietal pathway contain neurofilament protein, this is true for less than half the neurons within the occipitotempoal pathway. In an attempt to identify homologies between the human and monkey brains, we have begun investigations of human subjects using functional brain imaging and of human brain tissue using the same immunohistologcial staining techniques that we have used on monkey brain tissue. Thus far in our brain imaging studies, we have localized the two visual processing pathways within the human brain, investigated functional specialization of visual attributes within them, and identified their further extensions for working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the learning and retention of simple skills, both perceptual and motor, involves neural mechanisms located at very early stages of cortical processing, namely, the primary visual and motor cortex. In our work with human brain tissue, we have successfully identified several cortical areas in the human brain that have been described in the monkey brain, including visual areas V2, V3 and MT. Future studies will pursue functional brain imaging studies of perception and memory in humans and parallel single-cell recording studies in awake, behaving monkeys. A major effort will be to determine how "top- down" influences of attention and memory affect perceptual processing.