PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND LEADERSHIP SELECTION

虽然外貌对社会认知和期望的影响在心理学中已经得到了广泛的研究，并发现会影响职业晋升和对高级领导角色的选择，但之前还没有系统地探讨外貌对实际政治家对领导职位的评价的影响。这项研究的目的之一是考察对健康、成熟、优势和吸引力的评估对候选人选举可行性评级的贡献，以及评级背后的面部形态和身体特征。第二个目标是探讨在考虑政治协议的影响时，外表和讲话风格是否会影响候选人的评价--在什么条件下外表影响可以减轻。这些问题也针对男性和女性候选人以及少数群体候选人进行审查。第三个目标是分析男性和女性受试者在评估候选人时使用非语言信息和语言信息的差异。跨文化的实验研究设计将被用来检验假设。每个实验都将在美国和罗马尼亚进行，以分析文化影响。基于视频的刺激材料将来自C-Span在美国众议院的演讲广播，受试者将观看20名男性和20名女性政客的静止画面和视频剪辑。还将对2000年总统初选中的实际候选人进行不同的实验，以评估外部有效性。

Although the effects of physical appearance on social perceptions and expectations have been widely studied in psychology and found to influence career promotions and selection to high leadership roles, no previous research has systematically explored the influence of physical appearance upon the appraisal of actual politicians for leadership office. One objective of this study is to examine the contribution of assessments of healthiness, maturity, dominance and attractiveness to ratings of candidate electoral viability, as well as the facial morphology and physical features underlying ratings. A second objective is to explore whether appearance and speech style affect candidate appraisal when the effects of political agreement are considered -- under what conditions may appearance effects be mitigated. These questions are examined with respect to male and female candidates and minority group candidates as well. A third objective is to analyze differences between male and female subjects in their use of nonverbal and verbal information in candidate appraisal. A cross cultural experimental research design will be used to test hypotheses. Each experiment will be conducted in the United States and in Romania to analyze cultural effects. Video based stimulus material will be taken from C-Span broadcasts of floor speeches in the U.S. House of Representatives and subjects will be exposed to still frame and video clips of 20 male and 20 female politicians. A variation of the experiment studying actual candidates in the 2000 presidential primaries will also be conducted to assess external validity.